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Analysis of blood from a healthy human show that haematopoietic stem cells increase rapidly in numbers through early life, reaching a stable plateau in adulthood, and contribute to myeloid and B lymphocyte populations throughout life.

Synaptic plasticity ensures functionality during perturbations and enables memory formation. Here, the authors describe homeostatic functional and nano-modular active zone modifications for immediate and long-lasting enhancement of neurotransmitter release, and identify Unc13 as a presynaptic molecular target for homeostatic potentiation and learning.

Ageing causes an inability to replace damaged tissue. Here, the authors perform proteomics analyses of human haematopoietic stem cells and other cells in the bone marrow niche at different ages and show changes in central carbon metabolism, reduced bone marrow niche function, and enhanced myeloid differentiation.

High-resolution structures of tau filaments shed light on the ultrastructure of neurofibrillary lesions in Alzheimer’s disease.

The mechanistic details of entangled triplet pair formation in organic materials have been debated over the past decade. Now, the concept of coherent triplet pair formation is revived using a library of pentacene derivatives, invoking charge resonance mixing as a material design principle for harnessing the effect.

Analyses of the genomes of cichlid species reveal that the combination of ecological opportunity, sexual selection and exceptional genomic potential is the key to understanding explosive adaptive radiation in cichlids.

Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis in 26,699 people with seizures and 492,324 controls to identify 25 genome-wide significant copy-number variants. The discovered loci point to known disease genes and associations with clinical annotations.

A wireless device for measuring bioimpedance during breastfeeding allows accurate quantification of the volume of expressed milk in 12 new mothers in a neonatal intensive care unit and in home settings.

Defects in homologous recombination (HR) are found in some triple negative breast cancers, suggesting they may be sensitive to PARP inhibitors. In this phase II clinical trial of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib, changes in Ki67 levels did not correlate with markers of HR deficiency but HR deficiency was detected in 69% of tumours, indicating that PARP inhibitors may be a useful treatment.

Uprooting stem cells from their native environment and transplanting them to other individuals exaggerates selective pressures, distorting and accelerating the loss of clonal diversity in contrast to the unperturbed haematopoiesis of donors.

It is unclear whether CO₂-stimulation of photosynthesis can propagate through slower ecosystem processes and lead to long-term increases in terrestrial carbon. Here the authors show that CO₂-stimulation of photosynthesis leads to a 30% increase in forest regrowth over a decade of CO₂ enrichment.

Detailed characterization of cardiac damage following ischemia/reperfusion injury and detection of occurring inflammatory responses is important for the development of new therapeutic concepts. Here the authors present a method for the three-dimensional investigation of acute and chronic cardiac injury responses using light sheet fluorescence microscopy.

Martin-Perez et al. show that the beneficial effects of rapamycin in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome are associated with downregulation of protein kinase C.

It is unclear whether the emergence of new infectious diseases can be predicted. Here, Anthony et al. investigate viral communities in faeces of wild macaques and show that viral diversity is inherently structured, suggesting that it should be possible to forecast some changes in viral communities.

BARseq interrogates the expression of 104 cell-type marker genes in 10.3 million cells over nine mouse forebrain hemispheres to reveal the role of peripheral inputs on cortical area development.

Automated reconstruction of dense neural networks in the ventral nerve cord of the fruit fly provides a resource for investigating the neural control of movement.

Spatially resolved images of M87 obtained at a wavelength of 3.5 mm in 2018 show a ring-like accretion structure, the inner (outer) edge of which connects the black hole (jet).

Persistent DNA lesions can occur throughout the human lifespan and can remain in the genome of affected cells for several years and generate a substantial proportion of the mutational burden.

A thermal diode is the heat transfer analogue of an electrical diode: it favours the flow of energy carriers such as photons, phonons or electrons in one direction. Here, the authors demonstrate a photon thermal diode that uses pyramidal reflectors to asymmetrically scatter the photons.

Here, Rouet et al. present a strategy for the identification of broadly neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of convalescent patients, which enabled the identification of a new class 6 epitope.

Blood plasma protein data was combined with machine learning models for a simple method to determine differences in organ-specific aging; the study provides a basis for the prediction of diseases and aging effects using plasma proteomics.

This study explores apelin receptor’s role in cardiovascular function, identifying residues critical for binding through genetic variants, AlphaFold2 modelling and base editing in cardiomyocytes. Co-crystallization with biased agonist CMF-019 shows a unique binding mode versus endogenous peptides.

Williams et al. show that structural and functional brain asymmetry is already seen in the newborn brain, but that adult patterns of brain asymmetry are not fully developed.

Whole-genome sequencing of 1,013 clonal haematopoietic colonies from myeloproliferative neoplasms of 12 individuals reveals haematopoietic phylogenies and indicates that driver mutations are acquired sequentially, starting early in life.

We show methanogenic growth by a member of the lineage Korarchaeia and, following cultivation, methanol reduction to methane using hydrogen as an electron donor, which could be critical for a thorough evaluation of methanogens.

In this study, the authors present magnetoelectric nanodiscs that enable minimally invasive, remote magnetic neuromodulation with subsecond precision to drive reward and motor behaviours in genetically intact mice.

A strategy is introduced for promoting the folding in metallopeptide nanostructures, resulting in high mechanical rigidity. The mechanical properties are reflected in enhanced peptide-binding properties and heightened antimicrobial activities relative to their unfolded counterparts.

Behavioural tracking and wireless neural and eye-tracking recordings show that freely moving macaques learn to cooprate using visually guided signals along the visual-frontal cortical network.

An analysis involving the shotgun sequencing of more than 300 ancient genomes from Eurasia reveals a deep east–west genetic divide from the Black Sea to the Baltic, and provides insight into the distinct effects of the Neolithic transition on either side of this boundary.

A multiproxy record of Gigantopithecus blacki provides insights into the ecological context of this species, which became extinct around 250,000 years ago, when increased seasonality led to a change in forest cover.

Neonatal brain dynamics are not well understood. Here, the authors characterise brain transient states in neonates, and show that preterm infants display altered whole brain dynamics and an atypical repertoire of regional transient states, which are associated with behavioural outcomes at 18 months of age.

A survey of 136 factors that may influence cytokine secretion identify smoking, cytomegalovirus latent infection and body mass index as influential factors, with varying effects on innate and adaptive immunity.

Which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches results in high-quality, complete diploid genome assemblies is determined.

Deep permafrost soils produce comparable amounts of greenhouse gases as shallow soils in response to warming, according to incubation experiments of deep Arctic lake sediments.

A distinct population of CD4 T cells resides in specific regions of the steady-state brain, and these T cells are programmed in the periphery by the microbiome to coordinate adaptive behaviour.

Combination therapy of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies can provide long-term virological suppression in individuals infected with HIV without antiretroviral therapy.

Alternative stable states are common in ecosystems, and pose problems for management, but most studied examples are of strongly stable states that switch only rarely after major perturbations. This study fits a model of weakly stable states to a billabong system in which biological control is applied to an invasive weed. Frequent changes in water availability cause shifts between states in which control either is or is not effective. Understanding these shifts could allow intervention to keep the system in the controlled state.

This study shows that the tRNA-modifying enzymes TRM1A/TRM1B are essential to attain the steady-state pool of tRNAs and reveals how they functionally cooperate with RNase P in vivo for the early steps of tRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Cosmic rays flying through superconducting quantum devices create bursts of excitations that destroy qubit coherence. Rapid, spatially resolved measurements of qubit error rates make it possible to observe the evolution of the bursts across a chip.

Data on geographically restricted SARS-CoV-2 variants is lacking in some regions. In this nationwide effort including 18 public health labs, the authors used genomic epidemiology and travel data to understand the origin and spread of 2 variants of interest that predominated during the second wave of the pandemic in Nigeria.

The evolutionary water-to-land transition involved the separation of the skull from the pectoral girdle, though these musculoskeletal changes have not been deeply characterised. Here they show that the neck evolved from muscle groups present in fishes which were co-opted to acquire novel functions adapted to terrestrial lifestyle.

A robot-mounted scanner enables optical coherence tomography, at safe distances, of the eyes of freestanding individuals without operator intervention or head stabilization.

Eight structures of human neutralizing antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain are reported and classified into four categories, suggesting combinations for clinical use.

The ribosome maturation factor Rea1 catalyzes essential steps in the production of the large ribosomal subunit. Here, Busselez et al. describe functionally important conformational changes in Rea1.

Multi-modal analysis is used to generate a 3D atlas of the upper limb area of the mouse primary motor cortex, providing a framework for future studies of motor control circuitry.

A protein condensate formed by multivalent interactions between the long non-coding RNA Xist and specific RNA-binding proteins drives the compartmentalization required to perpetuate gene silencing on the inactive X chromosome.

A climate sensitive permafrost region (Yedoma domain) was found to contain globally relevant N stock of >40 Gt nitrogen, of which 4 to 16 Gt of the N could become available by thaw until 2100. This study increases the current estimates by nearly 50%.

By mapping vibrations in molecules to photons in waveguides, the vibrational quantum dynamics of various molecules are simulated using a photonic chip.

Gutierrez-Martinez et al. show that an impaired DNA damage response and reduced apoptotic priming in old haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) contribute to the survival and expansion of damaged HSCs in the bone marrow of aged mice.