Biomarkers have the potential to refine prognosis, improve risk stratification and guide therapy in patients on hemodialysis. The authors of this Review discuss the validation and potential use of biomarkers, including markers of chronic kidney disease-related mineral and bone disorders, markers of protein–energy wasting and inflammation, and markers of cardiovascular disease, in patients on hemodialysis. The authors also describe how proteomics can be used to identify and study new biomarkers.
- Alberto Ortiz
- Ziad A. Massy
- Carmine Zoccali