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Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis is linked to variants in a small nucleolar RNA, suggesting a new mechanism for antiviral immunity in cortical neurons.

Sequence assemblies for the genomes of 16 widely used inbred laboratory mouse strains highlight considerable strain-specific haplotype variation and allow for the identification of regions with the greatest sequence diversity between strains.

In a prespecified 3-year analysis of the KEN SHE trial, single-dose HPV vaccination was shown to be well tolerated and provided durable protection against cervical HPV infection in Kenyan women aged 15–20 years.

APOE is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. In a large number of neuropathologically confirmed cases and controls, the impact of different APOE genotypes on Alzheimer’s dementia risk was greater than previously thought and APOE2 homozygotes had an exceptionally low risk.

A study of the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in England between September 2020 and June 2021 finds that interventions capable of containing previous variants were insufficient to stop the more transmissible Alpha and Delta variants.

A survey of T cell repertoire evolution in the tumors, healthy tissue and blood of patients with early-stage untreated lung cancer offers an opportunity to monitor and identify neoantigen-specific T cells for personalized immunotherapy.

Topological magnetic monopoles are non-local spin textures that are robust to thermal and quantum fluctuations, but they are difficult to study at the nanoscale in real space. Now, soft X-ray vector ptycho-tomography is demonstrated to determine the three-dimensional magnetization vector and emergent magnetic field of such magnetic monopoles in a ferromagnetic meta-lattice.

The measurement of the total cross-section of proton–proton collisions is of fundamental importance for particle physics. Here, the first measurement of the inelastic cross-section is presented for proton–proton collisions at an energy of 7 teraelectronvolts using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider.

ApoE4 exacerbates tau pathogenesis, neuroinflammation and tau-mediated neurodegeneration independently of brain amyloid-β pathology, and exerts a ‘toxic’ gain of function whereas its absence is protective.

The genomic sequences of 12 Drosophila species for conserved elements and describe the relationship between conservation and function for many specific sequence motifs.

Plants evolved powerful mechanisms to fight against pathogenic microorganisms. So how can they accept and even favour the presence of growth-promoting fungi or bacteria? Here, the authors show that helpful commensal bacteria can suppress part of the plant innate immune system.

Relatives of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have an unexpectedly high incidence of schizophrenia. Here, the authors show a genetic link between the two conditions, suggesting shared neurobiological mechanisms.

In metazoan the DNA sequence elements characterizing origin specification are unknown. By generating and analysing 19 SNS-seq datasets from different human cell types, the authors reveal a class and features of Core origins of replication which can be predicted by an algorithm.

Sven van der Lee, Julie Williams, Gerard Schellenberg and colleagues identify rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3 and TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease. These genes are highly expressed in microglia and provide additional evidence that the microglia-mediated immune response contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Structures containing multiple skyrmions inside a larger skyrmion—called skyrmion bags—are experimentally created in liquid crystals and theoretically predicted in magnetic materials. These may have applications in information storage technology.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed gene variants associated with breast cancer, but their association with breast cancer development in Latinas is not clear. Here, the authors carry out a GWAS of breast cancer in Latinas and identify a significant protective variant of Indigenous American origin in the 6q25 region.

As phase 1 of the Earth Microbiome Project, analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from more than 27,000 environmental samples delivers a global picture of the basic structure and drivers of microbial distribution.

Sponges are early-diverging marine organisms that establish complex symbioses with microorganisms. Here, Thomas et al.analyse the microbial communities associated with 81 species of sponges from around the world, shedding light on the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these host-microbe associations.

Yuan and colleagues developed an artificial intelligence-based method to derive growth patterns and morphological features from hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of lung adenocarcinoma samples, for improved tumor grading and patient prognostication.

Protein kinases are fundamental in cellular signalling required for Leishmania survival throughout the life cycle. Here, Baker and Catta-Preta et al. report on a kinome-wide functional study in Leishmania mexicana to define protein kinases with roles in life cycle transition.

Magnetic spin qubits are a promising qubit candidate, though individual addressing through a confined magnetic field is an outstanding challenge. Here, the authors show that voltage control of magnetic anisotropy can be used to achieve high fidelity single-qubit operation with high energy efficiency.

Alex Kentsis and colleagues identify somatic genomic rearrangements in primary human rhabdoid tumors characterized by deletions and inversions involving PGBD5-specific signal sequences at their breakpoints. They further show that ectopic expression of PGBD5 in primary immortalized human cells is sufficient to promote cell transformation in vitro and in immunodeficient mice in vivo, thus defining PGBD5 as an oncogenic mutator and providing a plausible mechanism for site-specific DNA rearrangements in solid tumors.

An exciting genome-wide association study in the British population for seven common diseases. This analysis confirms previously identified loci and provides strong evidence for many novel disease susceptibility loci.

Gökhan Hotamisligil and his colleagues report that reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages by targeting the lipid chaperone aP2 ameliorates atherosclerosis in a mouse model, paving the way for a possible new clinical therapy.

Gerard Schellenberg and colleagues report a genome-wide association study of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), as part of the Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium. They identify common variants in MS4A4/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 associated with LOAD.

TRACERx Lung: Intratumoral transcriptional heterogeneity, which often hinders the development of clinically useful RNA-expression-biased biomarkers for cancer, can now be overcome with an approach for the identification of clonal expression biomarkers.

Vision is an active process. Higher-order cognitive influences, including attention, expectation and perceptual task, as well as motor signals, are fed into the sensory apparatus. This enables neurons to dynamically tune their receptive field properties to carry information that is relevant for executing the current behavioural tasks.

Pulmonary venous tumor cells disseminating before tumor resection are heterogeneous, predict relapse and seed future metastasis of lung cancer

Combined analysis of proton-proton collision data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN by the CMS and LHCb collaborations leads to the observation of the extremely rare decay of the strange B meson into muons; the result is compatible with the standard model of particle physics, and does not show any signs of new physics, such as supersymmetry.

The next step after sequencing a genome is to figure out how the cell actually uses it as an instruction manual. A large international consortium has examined 1% of the genome for what part is transcribed, where proteins are bound, what the chromatin structure looks like, and how the sequence compares to that of other organisms.

Multiregion spatial histology, exome and transcriptome data from patients with non-small cell lung cancer suggest that cancer subclones from immune cold regions diversify later than subclones from immune hot regions

Zika virus infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased rate of fetal loss in nonhuman primates, as reported in this multicenter analysis.

Copy number variants (CNVs) account for a major proportion of human genetic diversity and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to disease. Here, a large, genome-wide study of association between common CNVs and eight common human diseases is presented. The study provides a wealth of technical insights that will inform future study design and analysis. The results also indicate that common CNVs that can be 'typed' on existing platforms are unlikely to contribute much to the genetic basis of common diseases.