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Recovery of 1,167 nonredundant archaeal genomes from the human gut microbiomes reveals previously undescribed genera, associations with sociodemographic factors and the presence of an archaeal virome.

Fibrotic scar tissue limits central nervous system regeneration. Here, Dias et al. show that fibrotic scarring is common in mice and humans, following distinct lesions to the adult brain and spinal cord, and derives from a discrete population of GLAST-expressing perivascular cells.

Bulk ex vivo and single-cell in vivo CRISPR knockout screens are used to characterize 680 chromatin factors during mouse hematopoiesis, highlighting lineage-specific and normal and leukemia-specific functions.

Metabolic reprogramming is crucial in tumorigenesis, with alterations in glucose and fatty acid metabolism playing key roles. Here, the authors show that inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in HER2-driven breast cancers delays tumor growth and enhances the effectiveness of HER2-targeted therapies.

Deep whole-genome sequencing of 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations provides insights into key population genetic parameters, shows that all modern human ancestry outside of Africa including in Australasians is consistent with descending from a single founding population, and suggests a higher rate of accumulation of mutations in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence.

Microbial reduction of nitrous oxide to dinitrogen is considered negligible under acidic conditions. However, Guang He et al. show that a co-culture of two bacterial species derived from acidic tropical forest soil can reduce nitrous oxide at pH 4.5.

By day 1,041 after explosion, SN Ia-CSM 2018evt had produced an estimated 0.01 solar masses of dust in the cold, dense shell behind the supernova ejecta–circumstellar medium interaction, ranking it as one of the most prolific dust-producing supernovae ever recorded.

A massive galaxy observed with the JWST indicates that the bulk of its stars formed within the first 500 million years of the Universe.

One hundred and ten Zika virus genomes from ten countries and territories involved in the Zika virus epidemic reveal rapid expansion of the epidemic within Brazil and multiple introductions to other regions.

Here, a draft sequence of the giant panda genome is assembled using next-generation sequencing technology alone. Genome analysis reveals a low divergence rate in comparison with dog and human genomes and insights into panda-specific traits; for example, the giant panda's bamboo diet may be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition.

Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with increased structural brain aging. Here the authors describe a model that predicts brain aging from resting state functional connectivity data, and demonstrate this is accelerated in individuals with pre-clinical familial Alzheimer’s disease.

Here, in a cohort of mother-child dyads, the authors show that maternal prenatal social disadvantage and psychosocial stressors associate with distinct gut microbiome taxonomic and functional diversity in both the mothers and their four-month children.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, often found in the human stomach, can be classified into distinct subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host. Here, the authors provide insights into H. pylori population structure by collecting over 1,000 clinical strains from 50 countries and generating and analyzing high-quality bacterial genome sequences.

Using data from a phase 3 efficacy trial, the authors here show that post-boost Omicron BA.1 spike-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies inversely correlate with Omicron COVID-19 and booster efficacy for naive and non-naive participants, supporting the continued use of antibody as a surrogate endpoint.

Research on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships tends to focus on single trophic groups. This analysis of two biodiversity experiments, representing forests and grasslands, shows that plant diversity promotes ecosystem multifunctionality not only directly, but also by enhancing the diversity of other trophic levels.

An adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine can elicit antibodies with relatively broad sarbecovirus activity in non-human primates. Here, the authors isolate and structurally characterize several monoclonal antibodies providing insights into the targeted epitopes and broad reactivity.

Successful engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells during gene therapy requires myeloablative conditioning of the recipient, at the expense of toxicity. Authors show here that a single-dose of anti-CD117 antibody-drug conjugate achieves similar engraftment results as traditional multi-dose busulfan conditioning but preserves fertility in a non-human primate model.

Latin America and the Caribbean remain largely underrepresented in psychiatric genetics research. This Review highlights the need for more research in these populations to advance genetic insights and ensure equitable precision medicine access.

IL-23 is needed to protect mucosal surfaces from bacterial pathogens. Murphy and colleagues identify a Notch-2-dependent CD11b⁺ dendritic cell population that produces IL-23 and is required for survival after infection with Citrobacter.

By integrating the serum concentration of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) with its in vitro 80% inhibitory concentration, the PT₈₀ biomarker may be used to guide target levels of bNAbs for effective prevention of HIV-1 acquisition.

Continental rifts initiate and develop through repeated episodes of faulting and magmatism, yet strain partitioning between faulting and magmatism during discrete rifting episodes remains poorly documented. It is shown that most of the strain during the July–August 2007 seismic crisis in the Natron rift, Tanzania, was released aseismically. This event provides evidence for strain accommodation by magma intrusion, in addition to slip along normal faults, during the initial stages of continental rifting, and before significant crustal thinning.

Genome-wide association analyses of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry provide new insights into the etiology of this disorder and identify novel therapeutic leads and potential opportunities for drug repurposing.

A pangenome analysis of 76 wild and domesticated barley accessions in combination with short-read sequence data of 1,315 barley genotypes indicates that allelic diversity at structurally complex loci may have helped crop plants to adapt to agricultural ecosystems.

An investigation using various methods reports an association between adeno-associated virus 2 and paediatric hepatitis of unknown aetiology.

Drugs that block calcium channels reduce pain, but they can cause unwanted side effects. Now, Rajesh Khanna and his colleagues show that a peptide that inhibits the interaction between a calcium channel and a protein called CRMP-2 that activates the channel can reduce pain in animals without the side effects of the channel blocker drugs.

An analysis of eight ultra-faint galaxies during the epoch of reionization with absolute magnitudes between −17 mag and −15  mag shows that most of the photons that reionized the Universe come from dwarf galaxies.

Unexpected brevetoxin vectors may account for deaths long after or remote from an algal bloom.

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has killed ∼50% of individuals known to be infected, making understanding its mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis and identifying candidate treatments a high priority. Heinz Feldmann, Vincent J. Munster and Michael G. Katze and their colleagues now report that treating MERS-CoV-infected rhesus macaques with interferon-α2b and ribavirin reduced virus replication and infection severity, suggesting the potential use of this combination for the clinical treatment of infected humans.

Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative to train accurate and generalizable ML models, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here, the authors present the largest FL study to-date to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for glioblastoma.

Authors have previously reported on the efficacy and safety of the recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine, NVX-CoV2373, in healthy adults. In this work, they assess anti-spike binding IgG, anti-RBD binding IgG and neutralising antibody titer as correlates of risk and protection against COVID-19.

Lean body mass is a highly heritable trait and is associated with various health conditions. Here, Kiel and colleagues perform a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for whole body lean body mass and find five novel genetic loci to be significantly associated.

A whole-genome alignment of 240 phylogenetically diverse species of eutherian mammal—including 131 previously uncharacterized species—from the Zoonomia Project provides data that support biological discovery, medical research and conservation.

Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) is frequently up-regulated in cancers. Here, the authors show that the tyrosine kinase c-Src stimulates mitochondrial function to signal energy sufficiency to mTORC1, increasing translation of the PRC2 subunits EZH2 and SUZ12 to support ErbB2-dependent tumours.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil is assessed using phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis.

Fifty-five percent of individuals vaccinated with an attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine remained without parasitemia after controlled human malaria infection one year later; immune correlate analysis in humans and non-human primates suggest a role for liver-resident T cells.

Alzheimer’s disease is heterogeneous in its neuroimaging and clinical phenotypes. Here the authors present a semi-supervised deep learning method, Smile-GAN, to show four neurodegenerative patterns and two progression pathways providing prognostic and clinical information.

Patient-derived xenograft models (PDX) have been extensively used to study the molecular and clinical features of cancers. Here the authors present a cohort of 536 PDX models from 25 cancers, as well as their genomic and evolutionary profiles and their suitability for clinical trials.

Results from a phase 1 clinical trial show that a broadly neutralizing, HIV-specific antibody is durably expressed in vivo from a viral vector, highlighting an alternate approach for the delivery of antibodies in humans.

First-in-human trial of a self-assembling, ferritin nanoparticle-based influenza vaccine shows evidence that this new platform can elicit neutralizing and cross-reactive antibodies and has potential for further vaccine development.

A case–control study investigating the causes of recent cases of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in 32 children identifies an association between adeno-associated virus infection and host genetics in disease susceptibility.

A new study by Minna Woo and colleagues shows that a neuronal relay from the brain to the adipose tissue regulates whole-body insulin sensitivity by affecting macrophage function, and thus inflammation, in the periphery. These results suggest that a centrally mediated anti-inflammatory reflex exists to regulate metabolic health.

Metabolic and alcohol-related liver disease presents challenges in clinical trials due to complex pathophysiology. This Review discusses noninvasive imaging, serum biomarkers and adaptive designs as modalities to enhance patient-centric end points, aiming to refine diagnostics and improve drug development.

Thlaspi arvense (pennycress) has the potential to provide new sources of food and bioproducts when grown as a winter cover crop. Here, Chopra et al. demonstrate that multiple desirable traits can be stacked to rapidly domesticate pennycress. The resulting crop integrates into current crop rotations and produces seeds with improved nutritional qualities, easier harvesting and suitability for human consumption.