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The molecular mechanisms that ensure faithful transcription of genetic information are still unclear. Chung et al. identify various genes, alleles and processes that affect the fidelity of transcription multiple organisms, suggesting evolutionary conservation of fidelity factors, and compare the error rate of transcription among these species.

This study unravels the efficient photocatalytic route for synthesizing dimethoxymethane by coupling CO2 reduction integrated with CH3OH oxidation by using a silver and tungsten comodified blue titanium dioxide catalyst under mild conditions.

A polymerization method for converting elemental sulfur into a chemically stable, processable and electrochemically active copolymer has been described. This methodology — termed inverse vulcanization — is conducted by a one-step process using liquid sulfur, as both reaction medium and reactant, and vinylic comonomers to form polymeric materials with a high content of sulfur (50–90 wt%).

Stomatin is a component of lipid rafts. Here, Wu et al. show that stomatin modulates the differentiation and functions of adipocytes by regulating adipogenesis signaling and fatty acid influx such that with excessive calorie intake, increased stomatin induces adiposity.

Excitatory pyramidal neurons preferentially target inhibitory interneurons with the same selectivity and, in turn, inhibitory interneurons preferentially target pyramidal neurons with opposite selectivity, forming an opponent inhibition motif that supports decision-making.

A study reports the distribution, replication and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the human body including in the brain at autopsy from acute infection to more than seven months following symptom onset.

The authors sequence the genomes of 552 bacterial isolates sampled across 23 sites of the lungs of a patient with cystic fibrosis, and identify bacterial genes under global and location-specific adaptation.

Mechanoreceptors are important for detecting external stimuli. In this study a putative receptor identified inDrosophilais shown to be potentially important for hearing and the amplification of mechanotransduction.

The goals, resources and design of the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme are described, and analyses of rare variants detected in the first 53,831 samples provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis finds an increase of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in treated and metastatic tumors compared to primary, untreated samples, as well as ecDNA features enriched in advanced disease.

Chan et al. report that 3′ UTR splicing is widespread and enhanced across different cancer types and is associated with more advanced tumour progression.

Demarco et al. demonstrate that a block in mitochondrial fusion leads to a loss of male germline stem cells in Drosophila, a disruption of lipid homeostasis and activation of TOR signalling.

The capability of materials to interconvert between phases enables greater control over properties without additional chemical modification but can result in a sacrifice of porosity. Here, the authors synthesize metal-organic polyhedra that interconvert between the liquid-glass-crystal phases and develop a membrane with enhanced porosity and CO₂ selectivity.

Overlapping genes have been implicated in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, the authors overlap de novo variants in the two types of disorders and find variants in these genes with the same functional effect and in some cases the same specific variants.

Here, using human liver chimeric mice, the authors describe perturbation of the diurnal transcriptome and epigenome of human hepatocytes during hepatitis C virus infection, affecting pathways mediating metabolic alterations, fibrosis, and cancer, and further show that the pathways remain affected in patients with advanced liver disease.

Biodistribution analysis of two patients with spinal muscular atrophy shows widespread onasemnogene abeparvovec DNA, mRNA and SMN protein throughout the central nervous system and peripheral organs following intravenous gene therapy administration.

The etiology of TDP-43 proteinopathy in ALS and FTD is complex. Here, the authors show that prior to disease onset in the rNLS8 mouse model, cortex neurons elicit a transient increase in protective chaperones that combat TDP-43 aggregation.

The semileptonic decay channels of the Λc baryon can give important insights into weak interaction, but decay into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino has not been reported so far, due to difficulties in the final products’ identification. Here, the BESIII Collaboration reports its observation in e+e- collision data, exploiting machine-learning-based identification techniques.

The authors seek to understand the precise roles of microglia in the early human brain by coculturing brain organoids with primitive-like macrophages generated from the same human induced pluripotent stem cells (iMac).

Antigen specific regulatory T cells (Treg) play key roles in the peripheral tolerance to suppress autoreactive immune cells and represent potential avenue for therapeutic intervention. Here the authors identify Smith specific Treg and engineer Treg based cell therapy showing suppression of inflammation in a murine model of lupus nephritis.

This Perspective discusses the use and potential of large language models and clinical decision support systems in gastroenterology and hepatology, highlighting opportunities, challenges and limitations of large language models and clinical decision support systems in clinical practice. Key directions for research and insights into clinical integration and safe use are also discussed.

In a prospective, regulatory-grade study of assistance to pathologists in MASH histology scoring, AIM-MASH-assisted reads by expert MASH pathologists were superior to unassisted reads and decreased inter-reader variability.

In this phase 2 basket trial, patients with heavily pretreated HER2-mutated metastatic breast cancer received the small-molecule HER2 inhibitor tucatinib and anti-HER2 trastuzumab, leading to encouraging clinical response rates.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a key modality for drug discovery. Here the authors present the discovery and analysis of reversible DCAF1-PROTACs, which show efficacy in cellular environments resistant to VHL-PROTACs or with acquired resistance to CRBN-PROTACs.

Single-cell transcriptomics and protein expression analyses of salivary glands and gingiva, along with the detection of infectious virus and virus-specific antibodies in saliva from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, support a potential role for the oral cavity in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

The development of superior and cost-effective catalysts for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions is pivotal for the future hydrogen economy. Now a series of Ru-modified Li₂MnO₃ catalysts have been designed to optimize the electronic structure and achieve a high performance in both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, as demonstrated in practical anion exchange membrane fuel cell and water electrolyser tests.

Chen et al. perform single-cell analysis and identify transcriptomic remodelling in epithelial cells, macrophages, T cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, which together regulate prostate cancer progression.

STAARpipeline is a comprehensive framework for flexible and scalable rare-variant association analysis using whole-genome sequencing data and annotation information.

The efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy in the clinic is often limited by the emergence of resistance. Here, the authors show that in ovarian cancer anti-VEGF inhibitors induce the overexpression of CD5L in endothelial cells through hypoxia-driven PPARy activation and that blocking CD5L can overcome resistance.

A metabolically bioactivated selective imidazothiazole nematicide shows comparable effectiveness at controlling plant root infection by Meloidogyne incognita to commercial nematicides, which are traditionally nonselective and toxic.

Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from 1,046,070 individuals identifies 264 associated loci, providing a resource of molecular targets for translational research of chronic kidney disease.

Deconvolution methods infer levels of immune infiltration from bulk expression of tumour samples. Here, authors assess 6 published and 22 community-contributed methods via a DREAM Challenge using in vitro and in silico transcriptional profiles of admixed cancer and healthy immune cells.

Georgiou et al. found that the sex of the person performing experiments affects mouse behavior, including responses to stress and ketamine. This effect was mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the entorhinal cortex that project to CA1.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

A disordered metal–organic framework converts into a more porous, crystalline phase within 40 s following solvent exchange and desolvation. The rapid domino rearrangement of the whole lattice, which involves carboxylate migration on coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, is accompanied by a substantial increase in surface area.

Long noncoding RNAs regulate tissue-specific gene expression. Here the authors profile lineage-specific lncRNAs in human dermal lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells (LECs and BECs) and show a role of LEC-specific lncRNA, LETR1, in cell proliferation and migration.

To understand the potential for seaweed as a Blue Carbon strategy, the authors quantify carbon burial under 20 globally distributed seaweed farms. They attribute an average of 1.06 ± 0.74 tCO₂e ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ to seaweed farms, and show increased accumulation of carbon with farm age.

In an inpatient, randomized controlled crossover trial, participants consumed 550–700 kcal day⁻¹ fewer calories when following a plant-based, low-fat diet with a high glycemic load compared with an animal-based, low-carbohydrate diet with a low glycemic load; weight loss was comparable between the two diets and there were no significant differences in hunger or enjoyment of the meals.

The sluggish water activation kinetics and instability of metal-organic frameworks for hydrogen evolution reaction limit their industrial applications. Here, authors construct a unique triangular active region to accelerate the crucial water activation and stabilize metal-organic frameworks.