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Respiratory failure is one of the leading causes of death following spinal cord injury and it is unclear if normal respiratory motor activity can be recovered after chronic injury-induced paralysis. Here, authors show that treatment with chondroitinase ABC induces robust rescue of breathing up to 1.5 years following complete hemidiaphragm paralysis.

Pyruvate kinase phosphorylates histone H3T11 (H3pT11) and represses gene expression by forming a large complex SESAME (Serine-responsive SAM-containing Metabolic Enzyme). Here the authors show that SESAME-catalyzed H3pT11 regulates telomere silencing by promoting Sir2 binding at telomeres and preventing autophagy-mediated Sir2 degradation.

Using longitudinal EEG data from 592 infants and toddlers, the authors identify age-dependent nonlinear changes in periodic alpha and beta peaks suggestive of distinct milestones in early brain maturation, including thalamocortical network development.

Puurunen et al. demonstrate the safety and tolerability in patients with phenylketonuria of a genetically modified strain of E. coli encoding metabolic enzymes to metabolize phenylalanine to non-toxic metabolites.

At a time when protecting the environment is urgent, dealing with inherent uncertainties in the responses of biodiversity to disturbances is essential. This study promotes a promising tool to assess the vulnerability of species assemblages to guide protection efforts even if species response and disturbance regimes are poorly documented.

Therapeutic options for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are limited. Here the authors show that a telomere-targeting drug, 6-Thio-2’-deoxyguanosine, inhibits growth of SCLC tumors by inducing telomere dysfunction preferentially in cancer initiating cells and promoting anti-tumor immune responses.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma can occur with and without the presence of HPV infection. Here, the authors utilise Mendelian randomization to assess the causal effects of smoking and alcohol on HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer development.

The relationships that control seed production in trees are key to understand evolutionary pressures that have shaped forests. A global synthesis of fecundity data reveals that while seed production is not constrained by a strict size-number trade-off, it is influenced by taxonomy and nutrient allocation.

Electrospray deposition is a promising technique for depositing functional coatings at the micro-/nano-scale. Here, the authors establish the necessary conditions for high efficiency electrospray deposition of small targets, establishing promise as an alternative to other conformal coating methods.

Reducing postharvest crop losses is vital to sustainably increase agricultural productivity. This analysis reveals a need for systematic assessment of postharvest loss reduction interventions across the value chain, targeting stakeholders beyond farmers, and for a more diverse range of food crops, to shape future policy decisions.

Studying changes in the metabolic properties of kidney cancer in patients reveals an increased need for mitochondrial metabolism as tumors metastasize from the kidney to distant organs.

Lung cancers often harbour loss-of-function mutations inSMARCA4. Here, the authors demonstrate a vulnerability of SMARCA4-deficient lung cancers for Aurora kinase A inhibition associated with mitotic defects.

Blockade of intrahepatic accumulation and function of platelets represents a potential approach to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and prevent subsequent progression to hepatocellular carcinoma

The genome of the model fern species Ceratopteris richardii reveals a history of remarkably dynamic genome evolution, including rapid changes in genome content and structure following the most recent whole-genome duplication approximately 60 million years ago.

Placental inflammation is sometimes associated with health outcomes later in life. Here, the authors find that expression of genes associated with the homeostatic function of Hofbauer cells, a placenta-specific macrophage, are associated with protection from adult cardiovascular and depressive disorders

ALT cells use an alternative lengthening mechanism of telomeres and bear telomeric DNA damage with increased levels of damage-induced long non-coding RNA. Here the AUs show that antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting such RNAs can induce ALT cancer cells selective cell death.

Several COVID-19 vaccines have received emergency approval, but durability of protection is unclear. Here, the authors describe correlates of protection (CoP) for the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in rhesus macaques and report that CoP predict the protection observed 6 months post vaccination.

The patterns of how yield gaps change can suggest likely future outcomes for crop growth. This study conducts a spatial and temporal analysis of yield gaps for ten major crops from 1975 to 2010 and identifies regions where crops are experiencing ‘ceiling pressure’, signalling opportunities to improve future food security.

How do people track information flow through social networks? New research finds that extended periods of rest, such as sleep, help people build abstract cognitive maps that identify efficient routes between remotely connected network members.

Chromosome-scale sequence assemblies of 20 diverse varieties of barley are used to construct a first-generation pan-genome, revealing previously hidden genetic variation that can be used by studies aimed at crop improvement

In genome-wide association meta-analysis, it is often difficult to find an independent dataset of sufficient size to replicate associations. Here, the authors have developed MAMBA to calculate the probability of replicability based on consistency between datasets within the meta-analysis.

Genetic susceptibility loci for oropharyngeal cancer have been reported but these studies have not always examined human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Here, the authors perform genome-wide analysis taking into account HPV16 serology status and report two independent loci in the HLA region, suggesting the protective role of HLA variants against HPV infection.

Existing plant pan-genomic studies usually report considerable intraspecific whole gene presence-absence variation. Here, the authors use pan-genomic approach to reveal gradual polyploid genome evolution by analyzing of Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors.

Anaerobic gut fungi are a functionally important component of mammalian herbivores’ microbiomes. Here, the authors surveys anaerobic gut fungi in 34 species of ruminants and hindgut fermenters, assessing their patterns and identifying 56 novel genera.

The authors present a public collection of 117 bacterial isolates from the pig gut, including the description of 38 novel taxa. Interesting functions discovered in these organisms include a new fucosyltransferease and sactipeptide-like molecules encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters.

Knowledge about the ontogeny of T cells in the thymus relies heavily on mouse studies because of difficulty to obtain human material. Here the authors perform a single cell analysis of thymocytes from human fetal and paediatric thymic samples to characterise the development of human γδ T cells in the thymus.

Two classification algorithms that use the quantum state space to produce feature maps are demonstrated on a superconducting processor, enabling the solution of problems when the feature space is large and the kernel functions are computationally expensive to estimate.

The difference between children and adults in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is not clearly established. Here the authors use gene expression analysis of nasopharyngeal samples from children and adults and show a higher level of immune response in children compared to adults, including of B and T cell activation.

The physical realization of a quantum computer requires built-in error-correcting codes that compensate the disruption of quantum information arising from noise. Here, the authors demonstrate a quantum error detection scheme for arbitrary single-qubit errors on a four superconducting qubit lattice.

Huang and colleagues used machine-learning estimators to analyse a broad range of parameters in a prospective cohort consisting ART and spontaneously conceived children. Small differences in stature and growth could not be explained by parental or perinatal environment factors, nor differences in fetal DNA methylation. No strong differences in metabolic parameters were seen.

Finger millet is an orphan crop key to food security of people living in eastern Africa, India and Nepal. Here, the authors assemble its genome, conduct population genetics analyses to infer the diversification history, and reveal a candidate gene for purple coloration of anthers and stigma.

Adding prior experimentally or theoretically obtained knowledge to the training of recurrent neural networks may be challenging due to their feedback nature with arbitrarily long memories. The authors propose a path sampling approach that allows to include generic thermodynamic or kinetic constraints for learning of time series relevant to molecular dynamics and quantum systems.

In this genomic epidemiology study from Ghana, the authors sequence ~1,000 SARS-CoV-2 whole genomes from March 2020 to September 2021. They describe changes in the predominant circulating lineages over time and infer how variants of concern were likely introduced into the country.

Despite recent progress in additive

manufacturing of organic materials, multimaterial additive manufacturing remains

challenging. Here, the authors design a resin design that can be used for singlevat

single-cure grayscale digital light processing 3D printing where light intensity

can locally control the conversion of monomers to form from a highly stretchable

soft organogel to a stiff thermoset within in a single layer of printing

Cachexia, or muscle-wasting syndrome, is often observed in patients with cancer or sepsis, and no specific treatment of cachexia is currently available. In this study, Di Marcoet al.show that low doses of pateamine A, an inhibitor of translation initiation, prevent cachexia in a mouse model of the disease.

The methylation of Histone 3 at Lysine 36 (H3K36) has been implicated in the regulation of transcription and coupled processes such as mRNA splicing. Here the authors show that the histone methyltransferase SETD2 interacts with hnRNP L to mediate the crosstalk between the transcription and splicing machineries.

Mucosal immune response is important to determine protective efficiency of intranasal vaccines. Here, the authors analyse mucosal immunogenicity, transmissibility, efficacy, and boosting effects of an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform in Syrian hamsters and mice.

Genomic comparisons with a new amphioxus chromosome-scale genome assembly reveal details of the early evolution of vertebrate genomes.

Massively parallel DNA sequencing allows entire genomes to be screened for genetic changes associated with tumour progression. Here, the genomes of four DNA samples from a 44-year-old African-American patient with basal-like breast cancer were analysed. The samples came from peripheral blood, the primary tumour, a brain metastasis and a xenograft derived from the primary tumour. The findings indicate that cells with a distinct subset of the primary tumour mutation might be selected during metastasis and xenografting.

The two homoeologous subgenomes in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis evolved asymmetrically; one often retained the ancestral state, whereas the other experienced gene loss, deletion, rearrangement and reduced gene expression.

Fibrotic scar tissue limits central nervous system regeneration. Here, Dias et al. show that fibrotic scarring is common in mice and humans, following distinct lesions to the adult brain and spinal cord, and derives from a discrete population of GLAST-expressing perivascular cells.

In yeast, histone H3 lysine 36 methylation can suppress the incorporation of acetylated histones by inhibiting histone exchange in transcribed genes, thus preventing spurious cryptic transcripts from initiating within open reading frames.

Chen and colleagues show that visual deprivation drives structural remodeling of the dendritic branch tips of cortical layer 2/3 interneurons in an input-specific manner. Neighboring pyramidal cells show a corresponding loss of inhibitory inputs. This decreased inhibition seems to be permissive for the subsequent addition of new synapse-bearing branch tips.

Iacobuzio-Donahue and colleagues use integrated transcriptomic, histologic and mutational data to analyze squamous features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), further refining the understanding of heterogeneity and evolution in PDAC.