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MsbA mediates the transport of lipopolysaccharide across the inner membrane. Here, the authors show specific MsbA-lipid interactions can tune the selectivity for binding ATP over ADP and present five structures of MsbA with one bound to lipid.

Understanding how cells differentiate to their final fates is a fundamental biological problem. Here, authors introduce MultiVeloVAE, a probabilistic framework that models gene expression and chromatin accessibility mechanistically, integrates multiple samples, accounts for bifurcations, and enables statistical testing over time.

Here, the authors characterize the structure of the Lipooligosaccharide of the gut symbiont Akkermansia muciniphila showing unique features and TLR4 and TLR2 signaling capacity, which underscore the beneficial properties of this bacterium.

Chronic hyperglycemia impairs insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in diabetes. Here, the authors reveal that a glucose metabolite is responsible and show lowering glucose metabolism during hyperglycemia prevents loss of beta-cell function.

The authors find that distinct radial glia subtypes generate and support midbrain dopaminergic neurons, revealing specialized function and lineage relationships among the diverse cell types that shape dopamine neuron development.

A combination of proteomics, metagenome-assembled genomes and heterologous gene expression experiments reveals a trophic system for carbon utilization in the moose rumen microbiome and provides insights into phage dynamics in this ecosystem.

The pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium increases production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) inside acidic vacuoles of host cells, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, Dehinwal et al. show that acidic pH induces conformational changes in an outer membrane protein that affect its interaction with membrane lipids, thus modulating OMV formation.

Dioxolenium ion intermediates formed from remote positions are hypothesized to direct stereoselective glycosylations. Herein we combine infrared ion spectroscopy, DFT calculations and synthetic work to characterize and study these dioxolenium ions and their role in stereoselective glycosylation reactions.

ADP-heptose binds to ALPK1, triggering transcriptional reprogramming and NF-κB activation, endowing pre-leukaemic cells with a competitive advantage due to excessive clonal proliferation.

Extensive glycan microarray and structural analyses reveal that human intelectin-1 interacts selectively with microbial glycan epitopes through recognition of a terminal 1,2-diol group, an interaction that would be blocked in human glycans such as α-Neu5Ac.

Due to the pulsed nature of X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) instruments the majority of protein crystals, which are injected using continuous jet injection techniques are wasted. Here, the authors present a microfluidic device to deliver aqueous protein crystal laden droplets segmented with an immiscible oil and demonstrate that with this device an approx. 60% reduction in sample waste was achieved for data collection of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase crystals at the EuXFEL.

Hu and colleagues show how biologically informed representations clarify TGF-β driven EMT regulation, highlighting phase-specific coupling in either G1 or G2/M of the cell cycle.

A high-resolution transcriptomic and epigenomic cell-type atlas of the developing mouse visual cortex from embryonic to postnatal development is presented, providing a real-time dynamic molecular map associated with individual cell types and specific developmental events.

This multicenter study demonstrates use of dried and capillary blood as a minimally invasive, scalable approach for Alzheimer’s biomarker testing in research, with potential as a widely scalable population-based research approach, especially in resource-limited settings.

WbbB is a structurally unusual retaining glycosyltransferase. Here, the authors show that WbbB forms an Asp232-Kdo adduct prior to transfer to the saccharide acceptor. Therefore, unlike any previously studied glycosyltransferase, WbbB uses the double-displacement mechanism first proposed in 1953.

Here, Ying Li et al. present the results of a randomized controlled feeding trial in prediabetes participants, finding that advancing timing of unsaturated fat (USFA) intake improves insulin sensitivity through the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism, regardless of USFA type.

Type IV pili are flexible filaments on the surface of bacteria, consisting of a helical assembly of pilin proteins. Here, Neuhaus et al. show that the bacterium Thermus thermophilus produces two forms of type IV pilus, differing in structure, protein composition, and function.

The hierarchical deconstruction of the complex pectic glycan rhamnogalacturonan-II by the human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reveals seven new families of glycoside hydrolases and three catalytic functions not previously observed.

Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling of the human endometrium highlights pathways governing the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Analyses of endometrial organoids show that WNT and NOTCH signaling modulate differentiation into the secretory and ciliated epithelial lineages, respectively.

Photoredox catalysis has emerged as an indispensable platform for de novo synthesis and modification of complex biologically relevant molecules. This Review highlights photoredox-mediated C–H and C–C bond activation of carbohydrates leading to non-conventional C-functionalized sugars and rare sugar isomers.

An optimized 3D culture system enabled a stem cell-derived monkey blastoid to develop to day 25, recapitulating key events of primate late gastrula and demonstrating notable similarity to natural embryos.

Loss of an snoRNA causes the neurodevelopmental disease Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Here the authors generate snoRNA-deleted pre-neuronal cell lines. Small numbers of RNAs and proteins were altered, with functions potentially linked to PWS symptoms.

The enzymes that link bacterial capsule polymers to the outermembrane glycolipids, termed transition transferases, are identified, enabling reconstruction of the entire capsule biosynthesis pathway.

Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is a major virulence factor and vaccine formulations against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) contain O-acetylated CPS. Here, the authors provide mechanistic insights into CPS O-acetylation in NmA by determining the crystal structure of the O-acetyltransferase CsaC and NMR measurements further reveal that the CsaC-mediated reaction is regioselective for O3 and that the O4 modification results from spontaneous O-acetyl migration.

uMAIA is an analytical framework designed to enable the construction of metabolic atlases at high resolution using mass spectrometry imaging data.

Asherman’s Syndrome is characterized by intrauterine scarring and infertility. Here, the authors decode the Asherman’s Syndrome endometrial cell niche by single-cell RNA sequencing and in vitro analyses of patient-derived endometrial organoids.

Here, the authors show that periodic restricted feeding (PRF) in Rhesus monkeys induces lasting weight loss not directly tied to reduced calories, while altering sex-specific metabolome and microbiome composition, in turn associated with long-term benefits.

Long-distance migration and dispersion is a common characteristic of nearly all classes of telencephalic GABAergic neurons, which diversify extensively after birth in the cortex and striatum, but show limited postnatal changes in the septum, preoptic area and pallidum.

An analysis of rare genetic variants identifies three genes—MAP1A, ANO8 and ANK2—that have a role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and investigates the potential underlying biological mechanisms.

Polymerase Bcs3, which allows the fermentation-free synthesis of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule for vaccine development, adopts a basket-like shape with all six active sites facing the interior, creating a protected environment for catalysis.

Ribofuranose residues are installed on O-antigens of bacterial polysaccharides by a dual-activity enzyme that uses phosphoribosyl-5-phospho-d-ribosyl-α-1-diphosphate as a sugar donor and also catalyzes phosphate hydrolysis.

The microbiota and host immune system engage in a complex crosstalk that is being increasingly revealed thanks to advances in technological and computational approaches. Here, the authors highlight some of the microbial metabolites and components that are vital for immune system development and homeostasis.

Lipid A is the bioactive component of the Gram-negative outer membrane and is extensively remodelled to enable the bacterium to subvert the immune system of the host. Here, Needham and Trent describe the regulation of lipid A-modifying enzymes, the host defences that target lipid A and the strategies that bacterial pathogens use to avoid immune detection.

The human gut Bifidobacterium longum can use host N-glycans as carbon and energy sources via a specific and cooperative multienzymatic system.

Multi-omics analyses of sputum samples from patients with COPD identify host–microbe interactions as potential therapeutic targets.