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Understanding the dynamics of light-induced carriers is vital for employing two-dimensional materials in optoelectronic applications. Here, the authors use a sub diffraction-limit optical technique to reveal the excitonic properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide at the nanoscale.

This study presents a predictive equation for total energy expenditure derived from doubly labelled water measurements. Applying this equation to two large datasets (the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) shows that the misreporting of total energy intake is greater than 50%, with important implications for macronutrient availability.

The transcription factor SNAIL is regulated by STAT3 in a DNA binding-independent manner. Here the authors find that STAT3 is recruited to the gene promoter of SNAIL by the lysine methylation binding protein L3MBTL3, which is essential for epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis of breast cancer.

Ruth Loos and colleagues report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 181,171 individuals identifying 14 new loci associated with heart rate and test these for association with cardiac conduction, rhythm disorders and cardiovascular disease. Their experimental studies in Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish models provide support for a role for 20 candidate genes at 11 of these loci in regulation of heart rate.

A hybrid analogue–digital quantum simulator is used to demonstrate beyond-classical performance in benchmarking experiments and to study thermalization phenomena in an XY quantum magnet, including the breakdown of Kibble–Zurek scaling predictions and signatures of the Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition.

Chemoresistance is one of the main challenges for cancer therapy success. Here, the authors show that dual-specificity phosphatase 16 (DUSP16) expression is associated with chemoresistance in several types of cancer through impairing mitochondria-associated apoptosis.

Vanessa Wong and colleagues report whole-genome sequencing of 1,832 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from 63 endemic countries. They identify mutations that define the multidrug resistant (MDR) H58 lineage and report numerous inter- and intracontinental transmissions of this lineage as well as an ongoing MDR typhoid epidemic in Africa.

Single-molecule force spectroscopy is used to study single molecule interactions, but probing short-lived events is difficult. Here, a nanomechanical interface is developed, which allows the study of microsecond timescale interactions.

The CMS Collaboration reports evidence for off-shell Higgs boson contributions in the production of Z boson pairs, and measures the width of the Higgs boson, which is inversely related to its lifetime.

The study of germline mutations has been greatly enhanced by massive parallel sequencing technologies. Here the authors use deep sequencing data from nearly 700 parent-child trios to show maternal age has a small but significant correlation with the number of de novomutations in the offspring.

Inborn errors of the alternative NF-κB pathway in humans impair the development of AIRE-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells, thereby underlying the production of autoantibodies against type I IFNs and predisposition to viral diseases

In a large trial of patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas, IL-13Rα2-targeting CAR-T cells were feasible to manufacture and well tolerated when delivered via intratumoral and/or intraventricular routes.

By using phylogenetic analyses of multiple microdissected samples from both cancer and non-cancer lesions, unique evolutionary histories of breast cancers harbouring a common driver alteration are shown, providing new insight into how breast cancer evolves.

Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of infectious disease and have unique molecular pathophysiology. Here the authors use host-microbe profiling to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity in solid organ transplant recipients, showing enhanced viral abundance, impaired clearance, and increased expression of innate immunity genes.

Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) infections are emerging at a high rate, with only few therapeutic options currently available. Here, the authors report synthetic analogues of the natural product sansanmycin that target mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis and represent potent leads for improved anti-TB treatments.

Deep-learning models for the automated measurement of retinal-vessel calibre in retinal photographs perform comparably to or better than expert graders in associations of measurements of retinal-vessel calibre with cardiovascular risk factors.

Faecal metagenomes and machine learning reveal a panel of 31 multikingdom microbiome markers and microbiome functions that are associated with autism spectrum disorder in male and female children.

Although the gain in chromosome 17q21-ter is commonly associated with neuroblastoma, it is not clear which gene of this region mediates tumorigenesis. Here, the authors are showing that JMJD6, which locates in that region, is a neuroblastoma tumorigenic factor.

Stratified medicine promises to tailor treatment for individual patients, however it remains a major challenge to leverage genetic risk data to aid patient stratification. Here the authors introduce an approach to stratify individuals based on the aggregated impact of their genetic risk factor profiles on tissue-specific gene expression levels, and highlight its ability to identify biologically meaningful and clinically actionable patient subgroups, supporting the notion of different patient ‘biotypes’ characterized by partially distinct disease mechanisms.

The functional basis of elite control of HIV is still unclear. Walker and colleagues show that elite controllers are tolerant of viral escape variants and more rapidly mobilize cytotoxic granules to the immunological synapse.

Inbreeding depression has been observed in many different species, but in humans a systematic analysis has been difficult so far. Here, analysing more than 1.3 million individuals, the authors show that a genomic inbreeding coefficient (FROH) is associated with disadvantageous outcomes in 32 out of 100 traits tested.

A multi-ancestry genome-wide gene–smoking interaction study identifies 13 new loci associated with serum lipids.

Microscopy-based drug screens with fluorescent markers can shed light on how drugs affect biological processes. Without adding markers and imaging channels, which is cumbersome and costly, a new generative deep-learning method extracts new fluorescence channels from images, potentially improving the drug-discovery pipeline.

Many obligate symbionts, including parasites, have reduced genomes. A comparison of leaf-cutter ant genomes reveals parallel gene losses, particularly in olfactory receptors, in socially parasitic species compared to their closely-related hosts, consistent with relaxed selection for cooperative colony life in the parasites.

Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in ancestrally diverse populations implicate candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Trans-ancestry genetic risk scores enhance transferability across populations.

Analysis of gravitational waves from merging binary neutron stars was accelerated using machine learning, enabling full low-latency parameter estimation and enhancing the potential for multi-messenger observations.

Using data from a single time point, passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate (PACER) estimates the fitness of common driver mutations that lead to clonal haematopoiesis and identifies TCL1A activation as a mediator of clonal expansion.

Swanton and colleagues present a clonal expression signature, ORACLE, which, in combination with clinicopathological and molecular risk factors, can predict survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, and they prospectively validate its prognostic value.

The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

Cell-based transcriptional reporters are an invaluable part of highthroughput screening, but many such reporters have weak or transient responses. Here, the authors describe a digitizer circuit for amplifying reporter activity, increasing sensitivity, and retaining memory of pathway activation.

Yeast exhibit oscillations that share features with circadian rhythms. The authors show that bioenergetic constraints promote oscillatory behaviour: resources are stored until supplies can support translational bursting, this is licensed by ion transport and release from membrane-less compartments.

The CMS Collaboration reports the study of three simultaneous hard interactions between quarks and gluons in proton–proton collisions. This manifests through the concurrent production of three J/ψ mesons, which consist of a charm-quark–antiquark pair.

Understanding the heterogeneity of HIV infection, such as in persons with non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia despite adherence to antiretroviral treatment, is crucial to better tailor therapeutic interventions to abrogate HIV-1 persistence.

Combining conjugation and structural analyses, the authors show that TraN-OMP pairings determine bacterial conjugation species specificity, with implications in resistance plasmid distribution within Enterobacteriaceae.