Flexible ureteroscopy is increasingly being used as the first-line therapy for renal stones. Although the precise stone-free rates acheived with this procedure are unknown, largely as a result of variations in stone and patient characteristics, and the choice and timing of follow-up imaging. In this Review, authors describe the effects of these variable on stone-free outcomes, and discuss the evidence surrounding active retrieval of fragments during ureteroscopy.
- Khurshid R. Ghani
- J. Stuart Wolf Jr
