Vijayanand and colleagues show highly suppressive CD4+CTLA-4+PD-1+ follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells reside within tumor microenvironments. Depleting TFR cells or blocking their activity with CTLA-4-depleting antibodies before anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy improved the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment in mouse tumor models and was also associated with better survival outcomes in a large cohort of patients with melanoma.
- Simon Eschweiler
- James Clarke
- Pandurangan Vijayanand
