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Five-year survival data and biomarker analysis of the PRADO extension cohort of the phase 2 OpACIN-neo trial, in which patients with high-risk stage III melanoma received neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab and underwent pathologic response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy, show 71% event-free survival and 88% overall survival, with tumor mutational burden, IFNγ signature and PD-L1 expression associated with favorable outcomes.

The Ocean Equity Index provides a systematic, twelve-criteria framework to assess and improve equity in ocean initiatives, projects and policies, producing structured data that guide evidence-based decisions and support more equitable outcomes for coastal communities and ecosystems.

Climate and land-use changes will redistribute fire across the planet. Larger, more frequent, and intense wildfires are projected in extra-tropical regions, while human-driven declines in fire activity are reversed under the highest degrees of warming.

Here the authors show that tissue-resident memory and exhausted T cells in tumors are distinct populations that are shaped by relative presence or absence of TCR signals, suggesting that a tailored therapeutic strategy is needed to target each subset.

Phylogenetic regression and structural equation modelling of environmental, social and life history traits across the primate clade indicates correlates for same-sex sexual behaviour (SSB), and suggests that while environmental and life history traits tend to influence SSB indirectly, social complexity directly promotes its occurrence.

A species-level dataset of sediment-dwelling macrofauna, sampled 2 years before and 2 months after a test of a commercial deep-sea mining machine, reveals losses of macrofaunal density and species richness within the machine’s tracks and community-level effects in both the tracks and an area impacted by sediment plumes.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Baretić and Missoury et al. identify vertebrate proteins FAM118B and FAM118A as sirtuins similar to bacterial antiphage enzymes and show that FAM118A/B processing of NAD involves head-to-tail filament formation and a partnership between the two paralogs.

The global progress, balance, and coordination of Sustainable Development Goals during 2000-2020 improved overall, with gaps narrowing between low- and high-income countries.

Translation of evidence about dementia risk into effective public health policy is a challenge. In this Consensus Statement, Demnitz-King and colleagues present 56 policy recommendations for dementia prevention, providing policymakers with a foundation for designing and implementing evidence-based dementia prevention strategies, prioritizing clear communication, targeted intervention and sustained research investment.

As presented at the ASCO 2025 Annual Meeting and the ESMO Congress 2025: In RELATIVITY-098, treatment of patients with stage III/IV resected melanoma with nivolumab and relatlimab compared to nivolumab alone did not significantly change recurrence-free survival, with correlative data pointing to the absence of tumor-infiltrating LAG3⁺ T cells as a potential reason.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Can visual arts stimulate creativity in the science laboratory? A new biochemistry building for the University of Oxford might provide the answer, finds Georgina Ferry.

Analysis of data from multiple instruments reveals a giant exoplanet in orbit around the 0.2-solar-mass star TOI-6894. The existence of this exoplanetary system challenges assumptions about planet formation and it is an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

Using multiple in vivo mouse models, Rehman and colleagues report that tumor-induced impairments in the muscle vasculature mediated by circulating activin A contribute to cachexia development during cancer progression.

An analysis of the impact of logging intensity on biodiversity in tropical forests in Sabah, Malaysia, identifies a threshold of tree biomass removal below which logged forests still have conservation value.

Ancestral and geographic diversity in genomic resources can improve our understanding of complex disease genetics. The authors review how ancestrally diverse biobanks worldwide are reshaping genetic discovery, empowering the identification of novel variants and disease associations, with important biological implications.

Since the publication of the first issue of Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, we have witnessed advances in multiple research areas that have culminated in improved outcomes for many cancer types, although substantial unmet needs remain for a majority of patients worldwide. Here, we have asked experts in several key specialities to reflect on the progress from the past 20 years and propose the next steps to enable further advances. Although we are aware that this Viewpoint cannot provide full coverage of the vast field that is clinical oncology, we hope that these messages inspire a diverse range of readers.

Parity induces an accumulation of CD8⁺ T cells, including cells with a tissue-resident-memory-like phenotype within human normal breast tissue, offering long-term protection against triple-negative breast cancer.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of major depression identifies new risk loci, assesses the transferability of risk loci across ancestry groups, and improves fine-mapping resolution and prioritization of candidate effector genes.

A patient with newly diagnosed glioblastoma was safely treated with neoadjuvant nivolumab, relatlimab and ipilimumab before maximal resection, with comprehensive immune profiling showing the induction of overall immune activation early during treatment. The patient had no definitive evidence of recurrence at 17 months after treatment.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

HYPOMAP integrates single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic data to create a comprehensive spatio-cellular map of the human hypothalamus.

The connection between the molecular and physical control of embryonic tissues remains unclear. Here, the authors connect genetic mutations to changes in the physical state of posterior tissues during axis elongation, revealing a key role for dorsal tissues.

Clatworthy and colleagues examine adult nasal lymphoid tissues in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Longitudinal profiling reveals changes in barrier tissue to block viral entry beyond the epithelial cell layer and how tissue repair occurred after viral infection.

A pooled analysis of neoadjuvant immunotherapy trials in melanoma shows that the degree of pathological response associates with patient survival and might represent a surrogate marker for long-term outcomes.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

Antibiotic resistance is a major clinical problem that threatens to undermine our ability to control infectious diseases. Here the authors present detailed structural analysis of Rifampin phosphotransferase from Listeria monocytogenes, yielding insight on how this class of enzyme inactivates its target antibiotics.

Using a globally distributed standardized aerial sampling of fungal spores, we show that the hyperdiverse kingdom of fungi follows globally highly predictable spatial and temporal dynamics, with seasonality in both species richness and community composition increasing with latitude.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

Neolithic farming practices differed across the Mediterranean. Here, the authors apply a machine learning approach to combined archaeological and paleoclimatic data, investigating the impact of climate on the spread of agriculture in the Mediterranean.

Whether mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC) arises from cells at the ovary or from metastases from other primary sites is an unanswered question. Here, Cheasley et al perform a genetic analysis of the disease, showing that MOC arises at the ovary.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.