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Distinguishing glioblastoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) remains challenging due to their overlapping pathology features. Here, the authors develop a computational tool, PICTURE, for differentiating similar pathological features enabling improved diagnosis of CNS tumours.

A post hoc analysis of a multicentre, randomised trial showed that prediabetes remission is possible without total weight loss—providing weight is distributed to subcutaneous deposits as opposed to visceral ones.

In the randomized phase 3 AMPLITUDE trial, patients with HRR-deficient mCSPC experienced longer progression-free survival when they were treated with niraparib and AAP compared to placebo and AAP.

Native state proteomics of PV interneurons revealed unique molecular features of high translational and metabolic activity, and enrichment of Alzheimer’s risk genes. Early amyloid pathology exerted unique effects on mitochondria, mTOR signaling and neurotransmission in PV neurons.

A study examines the effects of mutations that occur naturally in T cell cancers, reporting that such mutations can potentially be exploited to increase the potency of T cell therapies.

In vivo loss-of-function CRISPR screens were performed to identify genes influencing CAR T cell persistence and function in human multiple myeloma, highlighting CDKN1B as a promising target.

The majority of human genes can produce multiple isoforms, but studying their functional relevance requires tools to target specific isoforms. Here, the authors develop a CRISPR-based exon-exon junction-targeting strategy to achieve isoform-specific RNA knockdown.

Polymer thin films that emit and absorb circularly polarised light are promising in achieving important technological advances, but the origin of the large chiroptical effects in such films has remained elusive. Here the authors demonstrate that in non-aligned polymer thin films, large chiroptical effects are caused by magneto-electric coupling, not structural chirality as previously assumed.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Recently, the increased capabilities in generating pulsed optical fields that are rigidly transported in linear media without diffraction or dispersion has opened the path to realisation of 3D optical skyrmionic structures. Here, the authors demonstrate 3D-localized optical merons by imprinting polarization textures onto the momentum-energy space of ultrafast light pulses.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

A population genomic analysis of 1,854 Listeria soil isolates collected across the contiguous United States identifies geographically prevalent phylogroups with increased pangenome openness and recombination, as a result of adaptation to variable environments.

Trained and validated on multimodal data from 14.5 million images from multicountry datasets, a foundation model is shown to increase diagnostic and referral accuracy of clinicians when used as an assistant in a trial involving 16 ophthalmologists and 668 patients.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Integrated structural biology approach leveraging in situ cryo-electron tomography reveals molecular details of the native malarial translation elongation cycle and its perturbation by cabamiquine, a potent antimalarial drug candidate.

While the ligand coordination microenvironment surrounding catalytic centres influences reactivity, dynamic oxygen reconstruction during water oxidation electrocatalysis complicates structure-based mechanistic insights. Now the in situ formation of lattice O–O ligands has been shown to activate Fe centres in metal oxides and hydroxides, thereby enhancing their oxygen evolution reaction activity.

Magnetic losses are a major source of inefficiency in power electronics. Minimizing these losses requires soft magnetic materials with high saturation magnetization, low coercivity, and low core loss at high frequency. Here, Gautam et al present an approach combining nanostructure engineering with high frequency domain structure control, reducing core losses by 55%.

Genetic background, plasma metabolome and dietary data from 4,215 women and 1,490 men reveal 57 metabolites whose associations with dementia risk vary by APOE4 genotype and other risk variants.

An integrated dataset combining genetics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics from 1,342 people living with HIV illuminates molecular pathways driving immune responses and comorbidities in this population.

Previous ophthalmic foundation models have struggled to generalize effectively to diverse and rare fundus diseases, restricting their clinical applicability. Here, the authors introduce a vision-language foundation model that demonstrates superior performance in diagnosing both common and rare fundus conditions.

Hair cell loss is a major cause of deafness. Here the authors reveal that enhancing Jagged1-Notch signaling in supporting cells boosts their ability to form hair cells in pre-hearing mice, identifying Jagged1 as a target for future restoration therapies.

An NNMT inhibitor reduces tumour burden and metastasis in multiple mouse cancer models and restores immune checkpoint blockade efficacy by decreasing cancer-associated-fibroblast-mediated recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and reinvigorating CD8⁺ T cell activation.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

In a large multinational cohort study, maternal, gestational or pregestational diabetes was associated with only a small-to-moderate risk of ADHD in offspring, contrary to previous estimates that showed stronger effect sizes, attributing the differences in findings to confounding by shared genetic and familial factors.

This Review summarizes recent technical advancements in generative AI, outlines how new models might improve healthcare and discusses validation approaches—using lessons from recent successes and failures in the field.

Combined experiment and modeling show that thermal fluctuations of protruding edge functional groups of graphene nanopores modulate the pore size, enabling thermally-activated molecular transport for high-temperature hydrogen separation.

The formation of 2D perovskites in inorganic perovskite solar cells is hindered by the strong binding affinity of caesium ions. Liu et al. engineer the functional groups of a large organic cation to facilitate its exchange with caesium ions and form a stable 2D perovskite.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Using more renewable energy to produce exported goods can cut global trade emissions, but current data lack detail. This study now provides a global dataset of renewable energy use in exports from 2011 to 2022, complementing trade analyses and revealing trends and gaps between countries and industries.

Airway mucus complicates treatment of respiratory disease by both defending the lungs and hindering inhaled drugs to cross the barriers. This Review explores translational advances in inhalable materials and biologics that enhance mucus protection or drug penetration.

Therapeutic checkpoint for acute myeloid leukemia requires further investigations. The authors here identify ST2⁺ Treg cells facilitate AML growth by inducing CD8⁺ T cell depletion and exhaustion, while targeting ST2 by antibodies depletes ST2⁺ Treg cells and improves AML prognosis.

A flexible AI framework integrates multimodal neurology work-up data to estimate amyloid and tau burden, supporting scalable biomarker stratification for Alzheimer’s disease research and trial screening.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

The intestinal mucosa presents a complex immune environment requiring a fine balance of immune activity against pathogenic, benign or self antigens. Here the authors show that gut CD4⁻CD8αβ⁻TCRαβ⁺ T (double-negative T/DNT) cells express MHC-II, serve as antigen-presenting cells, and tolerize gut CD4 T cells to help maintain gut immune homeostasis.

Chen et al. use UK Biobank data to reveal a dietary pattern associated with a lower risk of dementia, and validate this in additional cohorts.

A survey across 90 societies reveals that variation and change in everyday norms are explained by a single value dimension: the priority societies place on individualizing versus binding moral concerns.

Human and mouse astrocytes express the protocadherin PcdhγC3, which promotes self-recognition of individual astrocytes, thereby contributing to normal astrocyte and brain development.

MGAT1 is a glycosyltransferase critical for the synthesis and maturation of complex N-glycans. Here, the authors show that MGAT1 modulation of CD73 glycosylation and function regulates tumor immune response in triple-negative breast cancer.

The authors study electron-doped cuprate superconductor Pr_1−xLaCe_xCuO_4-δ using ARPES and muon spin spectroscopy. They find that T_c is proportional to the quasiparticle weight of the hole pocket near the nodal points, which arises from Fermi-surface reconstruction associated with antiferromagnetic order.

Fullerenes possess unique electronic property influenced by their real space topology and gauge field. Here, the authors construct an acoustic C₅₄₀ fullerene metamaterial, allowing observation of 3D topological pentagon states using sound waves, and offering new insights into classical wave manipulation.

Transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit diverse and tunable electronic states. Here the authors reveal a cascade of phase transitions upon increasing hydrostatic pressure in the few-layer 1T’-WS₂, including a re-entrant superconducting phase emerging from a normal state exhibiting anomalous Hall effect.

The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

Birds have evolved a unique sex chromosome dosage compensation mechanism involving the male-biased microRNA (miR-2954), which is essential for male survival by regulating the expression of dosage-sensitive Z-linked genes.