The surface-directed mineralization of calcium phosphate from simulated body fluid is studied by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Prenucleation clusters aggregate close to the surface, then amorphous calcium phosphate forms in this region, leading to the nucleation of oriented apatite crystals at the surface.
- Archan Dey
- Paul H. H. Bomans
- Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk