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Current state-of-the-art de novo long read genome assemblers follow the Overlap-Layout-Consensus paradigm. GoldRush departs from this paradigm, generating highly contiguous assemblies with linear time complexity and using an order of magnitude less RAM than state-of-the-art methods.

This Registered Report presents the results of the Long-read RNA-Seq Genome Annotation Assessment Project, which is a community effort for benchmarking long-read methods for transcriptome analyses, including transcript isoform detection, quantification and de novo transcript detection.

Most existing long-read transcriptome assembly methods rely on reference genomes and transcript annotations, while reference-free methods remain scarce. Here, Nip et al. introduce RNA-Bloom2, a reference-free method that requires substantially less memory and runtime than other reference-free methods.

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour in children; having assembled over 1,000 samples the authors report that somatic copy number aberrations are common in medulloblastoma, in particular a tandem duplication of SNCAIP, a gene associated with Parkinson’s disease, which is restricted to subgroup 4α, and translocations of PVT1, which are restricted to Group 3.

Several genomic features have been found for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) but targeted clinical genetic testing fails to predict prognosis. Here, the authors generate an AML prognostic score from RNA-seq data of patients, which successfully stratifies AML patients and which may provide guidance for therapeutic strategies.

Bar-Eli and colleagues report that CREB-mediated downregulation of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 results in decreased adenosine-to-inosine editing of miR-455-5p, which enhances melanoma growth and metastasis.

The globally-distributed Ranidae (true frogs) are the largest frog family. Here, Hammond et al. present a draft genome of the North American bullfrog, Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana, as a foundation for future understanding of true frog genetics as amphibian species face difficult environmental challenges.

To address the question of whether a recurrent tumour is genetically similar to the tumour at diagnosis, the evolution of medulloblastoma has been studied in both an in vivo mouse model of clinical tumour therapy as well as in humans with recurrent disease; targeted tumour therapies are usually based on targets present in the tumour at diagnosis but the results from this study indicate that post-treatment recurring tumours (compared with the tumour at diagnosis) have undergone substantial clonal divergence of the initial dominant tumour clone.

The Trans-ABySS pipeline is an integrated approach for transcript assembly and analysis to identify new mRNA isoforms and structures.

Marco Marra and colleagues identify somatic mutations in EZH2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and follicular lymphomas. EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase that participates in trimethylation of H3 Lys27 (H3K27) as part of the PRC2 complex. The mutations alter a single tyrosine residue in the SET domain of EZH2 and reduce the ability of PRC2 to trimethylate H3K27 in vitro.

Primary triple-negative breast cancers are shown to vary widely and continuously in the degree of clonal evolution and mutational content at the time of diagnosis, with implications for future studies of the disease.

The Cancer Genome Atlas reports on molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric adenocarcinomas and proposes a new classification of gastric cancers into 4 subtypes, which should help with clinical assessment and trials of targeted therapies.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network reports an integrative analysis of more than 400 samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on genomic, DNA methylation, RNA and proteomic characterisation; frequent mutations were identified in the PI(3)K/AKT pathway, suggesting this pathway might be a potential therapeutic target, among the findings is also a demonstration of metabolic remodelling which correlates with tumour stage and severity.

The Cancer Genome Atlas presents an integrative genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in 279 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), which are classified by human papillomavirus (HPV) status; alterations in EGFR, FGFR, PIK3CA and cyclin-dependent kinases are shown to represent candidate targets for therapeutic intervention in most HNSCCs.

An integrative genomic analysis of several hundred endometrial carcinomas shows that a minority of tumour samples carry copy number alterations or TP53 mutations and many contain key cancer-related gene mutations, such as those involved in canonical pathways and chromatin remodelling; a reclassification of endometrial tumours into four distinct types is proposed, which may have an effect on patient treatment regimes.

John Maris, Matthew Meyerson, Marco Marra and colleagues report results of a large-scale sequencing study of neuroblastoma. They observe a low median exonic mutation frequency and strikingly few recurrently mutated genes in these tumors, highlighting challenges for developing targeted therapeutic strategies based on frequently mutated oncogenic drivers.

The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium reports on their genome-wide characterization of somatic alterations in colorectal cancer; in addition to revealing a remarkably consistent pattern of genomic alteration, with 24 genes being significantly mutated, the study identifies new targets for therapeutic intervention and suggests an important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.

Comprehensive analyses of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas by The Cancer Genome Atlas project show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including TP53 in nearly all samples; a potential therapeutic target is identified in most of the samples studied.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Network describe their multifaceted analyses of primary breast cancers, shedding light on breast cancer heterogeneity; although only three genes (TP53, PIK3CA and GATA3) are mutated at a frequency greater than 10% across all breast cancers, numerous subtype-associated and novel mutations were identified.

Current clinical practice is organized according to tissue or organ of origin of tumors. Now, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has started to identify genomic and other molecular commonalities among a dozen different types of cancer. Emerging similarities and contrasts will form the basis for targeted therapies of the future and for repurposing existing therapies by molecular rather than histological similarities of the diseases.