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Using intracranial EEG recordings in epilepsy patients, Pacheco-Estefan et al. describe changes in the neural representations of cues and contexts during fear and extinction learning in the human brain.

In this cross-sectional study of forensic medical evaluations in 453 people seeking asylum in the United States, the authors found that the majority of individuals reported psychological stress and nearly half reported cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stress symptoms, indicating a high disease burden of concurrent stress and CVD associated with migration.

Cross-species transcriptomics on vulnerable neuronal populations unravels the transcription factor CREB3 and its regulatory network as resilience markers of ALS. Genetics and epidemiology further identify the protective rare variant CREB3R119G.

Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and metabolomics generate large, complex datasets requiring effective analysis. Here, authors review key statistical and visualization methods alongside widely used R and Python tools, and provide a GitBook with step-by-step code for accessible, reproducible data analysis.

Wood et al. examine gender differences in Hadza hunter-gatherer spatial behaviour using 2,078 days of GPS-recorded travel. As predicted from principles of foraging ecology, Hadza men walked further per day, explored more land, followed more sinuous paths and were much more likely to be alone.

A non-contact wearable device that defines and modulates a microclimate adjacent to the skin can measure incoming and outgoing streams of vapourized substances, offering valuable insights into physiological health, wound healing and environmental exposures.

Excitatory neurons in the neocortex exhibit considerable morphological diversity, yet their organizational principles remain a subject of ongoing research. Here, the authors use unsupervised learning to show that most excitatory neuron morphologies in the mouse visual cortex form a continuum, with notable exceptions in deeper layers.

Here, Manghi et al. identify potential salivary microbial biomarkers for autism through a large-scale metagenomic analysis of 2,000 families, revealing shifts in neurotransmitter-related pathways

By combining structural biology and evolutionary genomics analyses, the evolution of enzymes over 400 million years is shown to be governed by catalytic function, metabolic network architecture, cost and molecular interactions.

Recurrence of meningiomas is unpredictable by current methods based on surgically removed specimens, and identification of patients likely to recur could inform treatment strategy. Here, the authors analysed DNA methylation in liquid biopsy specimens from meningioma patients to help classify recurrence risk noninvasively even before surgery.

Water plays an essential role in enzyme catalysis, but direct observations linking enzyme catalysis and active-site water pose a significant challenge due to experimental difficulties. Here, the authors employ an ultraviolet photolysis technique with temperature-controlled X-ray crystallography to track the catalytic pathway of carbonic anhydrase II at 1.2 Å resolution.

Depth of response (CR/VGPR, MRD-) links to better outcomes, while biochemical progression predicts end-organ damage. Higher MHC-I on tumors and greater GZMB+ T cells in clonally expanded CD8+ T cells are tied to improved outcomes.

While the genetic basis of heart failure has been explored by genetic studies, the differences between subtypes are not well understood. Here, the authors performed genetic analyses on the two major subtypes of heart failure in a large biobank with genetic and health record data, finding unique genetic architecture for each subtype.

An integrated analysis of de novo and inherited coding variants in 42,607 individuals with autism spectrum disorder identifies 60 risk genes of which five have not previously been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Myeloid cells contribute to the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the dynamics of myelopoiesis during disease progression is still unclear. Here the authors show, in both mouse models and clinical data, that myelopoiesis is differentially regulated via M-CSF modulation in different organs at distinct stages of MS, with diet and lifestyle being potential modifiers.

This Registered Report presents evidence from 87 countries and regions showing that brief emotion-regulation interventions consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Lineage tracing of human stem cells is achieved by measuring fluctuating DNA methylation.

Activity patterns in the hippocampus resemble temporal relations of learned event sequences. Here, the authors show that these relational memories arise through mnemonic construction and are generalized to reflect the temporal event structure.

By developing a genetically encoded biosensor for enzymes that act on O-glycoproteins, Wardman et al. have provided a new method for rapid screening and analysis of these enzymes and performed the first O-glycopeptidase-directed evolution.

The human hippocampus plays a role in many different cognitive systems. Here the authors find that a single pattern of brain gene expression can predict how different parts of the hippocampus interact with the rest of the brain.

Nature Biotechnology asks selected members of the international community to comment on the ethical issues raised by the prospect of CRISPR-Cas9 engineering of the human germline.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Mid-infrared observations of the dusty structures of the galaxy NGC 1068 support the unified model of active galactic nuclei.

A combination of crosslinking, X-ray crystallography, NMR, and mutagenesis provide a detailed visualization of the interactions between an acyl carrier protein and β-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase I in the Escherchia coli fatty acid synthase complex.

Sarig and Tzahor et al. show that the multiple sclerosis drug glatiramer acetate improves cardiac function and reduces scar area in rodent models of acute myocardial infarction and ischemic heart failure.

Studies in humans and mice show that myocardial infarction recruits monocytes to the brain’s thalamus, promoting sleep, which in turn restricts cardiac inflammation and sympathetic signalling and assists healing.

A new study shows that chimpanzees possess a highly diverse culture of termite fishing that differs strongly among groups. Individuals copy group-specific techniques, and their combinations, with high conformity to maintain a unique group culture.

Fishing has had a profound impact on global reef shark populations, and the absence or presence of sharks is strongly correlated with national socio-economic conditions and reef governance.

Leaf rust and stripe rust of wheat are two important fungal diseases of cultivated wheat and they are caused by infection of different pathogens. Here, the authors report the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein encoding gene Yr87/Lr85 confers resistance to both diseases.