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Genomic deletions in poxviruses are not well understood, the authors found large deletions in >2% of Mpox virus genomes during routine surveillance, highlighting their role in poxvirus evolution and potential impact on diagnostics and therapeutics.

The use of Li or Na as electrodes in Li-Na alloy–O₂ batteries creates formidable challenges for both safety and stability because of their oxidative corrosion and the growth of dendrites and cracks on their surface. Now, an aprotic bimetal Li-Na alloy–O₂ battery with high cycling stability has been developed using a Li-Na eutectic alloy anode and an electrolyte additive.

The authors report a meta-analysis of methylome-wide association studies, identifying 15 significant CpG sites linked to major depression, revealing associations with inflammatory markers and suggesting potential causal relationships through Mendelian randomization analysis.

Here, the authors investigate SARS-CoV-2 protein interactions across various organ-specific cell lines and saliva employing mass spectrometry and describe how protein-protein interaction networks vary for SARS-CoV-2 variants.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

Rao and Cai et al. perform a detailed metabolic comparison between primary tumours from patients and their matching xenografts, which identify conserved as well as divergent metabolic patterns.

A potent and selective inhibitor of KRAS^G12D, the most common mutant form of the KRAS oncoprotein, has anti-tumor efficacy in multiple pre-clinical cancer models, opening the possibility to therapeutically target this highly prevalent oncogenic driver.

Venous tumour thrombus can occur within renal cell carcinoma, and can require complex additional surgery and treatment. Here, the authors analyse multiparametric data from patients treated with axitinib and develop a machine learning model to predict neoadjuvant treatment response.

Ancient DNA, stable isotopes and other archaeological methods establish that humans were living at extremely high elevation on the Tibetan Plateau 4,400 years ago, maintaining sedentary lifestyles that combined fishing, hunting and crop exchange.

Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from 1,046,070 individuals identifies 264 associated loci, providing a resource of molecular targets for translational research of chronic kidney disease.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1 A (CMT1A) results from PMP22 gene duplication and is characterized by peripheral nerve myelination deficits. Here, the authors prevent the development of pathological features in a rat model of CMT1A through the local delivery of AAV2/9 expressing shRNAs against PMP22.

Chou et al. demonstrate that activation of the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 1 in the lung lymphatic vasculature mediates morphological changes in lymphatic endothelial cell junctions to augment lung lymphatic drainage in models of lung injury.

A new phylogenomic tree for butterflies is constructed using 391 genes from 2,300 species, representing 92% of genera. It suggests that butterflies originated around 100 million years ago in what is now the Americas and originally fed on Fabaceae.

There is an intensive effort in developing multi-shelled metal oxide nanostructures for lithium-ion battery applications. Now, a metal anion-adsorption mechanism, as opposed to the conventional cation adsorption on carbonaceous templates, is demonstrated in the synthesis of vanadium oxide hollow microspheres, which exhibit excellent battery performance.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

Cytosolic amino acid concentrations are carefully maintained, but how homeostasis occurs is unclear. Here, the authors show that amino acid transporters primarily determine intracellular amino acid levels and develop a model that predicts a perturbation response similar to experimental data.

In a re-analysis of a cluster-randomized trial on malaria-control measures, the combined intervention reduces infections up to 3 km from the point of intervention, increasing efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.

Trigonelline is identified as a human metabolite that can be used for NAD⁺ synthesis and is shown to improve muscle function in aged worms and mice.

Analysis of data from 33 longitudinal cohorts from low- and middle-income countries indicates that conditions during pre-conception, pregnancy and the first few months of life are crucial in determining the risk of growth faltering in young children.

An analysis of longitudinal cohort data across diverse populations suggests that the incidence of wasting between birth and 24 months is higher than previously thought, and highlights the role of seasonal factors that affect child growth.

A pooled analysis of longitudinal studies in low- and middle-income countries identifies the typical age of onset of linear growth faltering and investigates recurrent faltering in early life.

Nascent secretory or membrane proteins contain an amino-terminal signal peptide that mediates their targeting to the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or endoplasmic reticulum (in eukaryotes). This peptide is recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP). A universally conserved component of the SRP is known as SRP54 (Ffh in bacteria). Here, the crystal structure of Sulfolobus solfataricus SRP54 fused to a signal peptide is presented, revealing how the signal peptide is recognized by SRP54.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Glass-like supramolecular polymer networks with high compressibility and fast self-recovery are fabricated using host–guest crosslinkers with slow dissociation kinetics.

A randomized trial in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 showed no benefit and potentially increased harm associated with the use of convalescent plasma, with subgroup analyses suggesting that the antibody profile in donor plasma is critical in determining clinical outcomes.

In eukaryotes, many genes contain one or more introns — sequences that are transcribed into mRNA, but which are then excised before the mRNA is translated into protein. Multiprotein–RNA complexes called snRNPs are the machinery that clips these introns out. This study presents the structure of the U1 snRNP, which assembles at the 5′ end of the intron; the subunit interactions suggest a model by which the snRNP is assembled and the 5′ splice site is recognized.

Production of aromatic monoterpene molecules in hop flowers is affected by genetic, environmental, and processing factors. Here, the authors engineer brewer’s yeast for the production of linalool and geraniol, and show pilot-scale beer produced by engineered strains reconstitutes some qualities of hop flavor.

Two doses of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 boost antibody responses and functions in phase 1/2 trial participants.

The receptor LILRB4 on monocytic leukaemia cells suppresses T cell activity and support the infiltration of tumour cells into tissues.

Sven van der Lee, Julie Williams, Gerard Schellenberg and colleagues identify rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3 and TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease. These genes are highly expressed in microglia and provide additional evidence that the microglia-mediated immune response contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

This study introduces genetically encoded imaging probes that convert intracellular calcium signaling into hemodynamic fMRI responses. The authors show how the probes can be used to map information flow in reward-related brain circuitry in rats.

The developmental Genotype-Tissue Expression (dGTEx) projects will catalogue and integrate gene expression, regulation and genetics data across 120 human donors from birth to adulthood with developmentally matched non-human primates, including 126 rhesus macaques and 72 common marmosets.