Up to 30% of patients with typical GERD symptoms are refractory to standard acid-suppressive treatment. In this Review, the authors discuss the clinical features and current management of patients with refractory GERD, and the roles of surgical interventions and pharmaceutical agents. Finally, the authors provide up-to-date algorithms for the optimal management of patients with refractory GERD.
- Emidio Scarpellini
- Daphne Ang
- Jan Tack
