Search

In early type 2 diabetes, “induction” with short-term insulin therapy followed by “maintenance” with metformin can stabilize beta-cell function. The authors show that initial reversibility of beta-cell dysfunction followed by preserved hepatic insulin sensitivity determine sustained stabilization.

Observational and experimental evidence suggests that vitamin D plays a role in glycemic control. Here, the authors report that in an ancillary study of the placebo-controlled randomized VITAL trial there is no effect of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D supplementation over 5 years on the prevention of type 2 diabetes in 22,220 older US adults.

Combining a GLP-1 receptor agonist, to increase endogenous beta cell function, with exogenous insulin is a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors show adding exenatide to basal insulin in early type 2 diabetes does not further enhance underlying pancreatic beta-cell function or the capacity to achieve diabetes remission, but may yield on-treatment glycemic benefits.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

In the heavy-fermion metal URu₂Si₂, direct evidence of symmetry change in the crystal structure at the hidden-order transition has been missing. Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements, Tonegawa et al. observe lattice symmetry breaking from the fourfold tetragonal to twofold orthorhombic structure.

Comparison of intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating (iTRE) to calorie restriction, as well as standard care, in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes in a three-arm randomized controlled study demonstrated that iTRE was associated with greater improvements in postprandial glucose metabolism at 6 months.

The overlap between different phases has hindered the understanding of how each phase affects superconductivity in FeSe. Here, Matsuura et al. achieve a complete separation of non-magnetic nematic and antiferromagnetic phases for FeSe_1-x S _x , observing a tetragonal phase in between with a strikingly enhanced T _c.

The relationship between electronic ordering and superconductivity, crucial to understand high-T_c superconductors, remains elusive. Here, Sun et al. report the pressure-induced dome shape of a magnetic phase superceding the nematic order in FeSe, suggesting competing nature between magnetism and superconductivity.

The superconducting gap of most unconventional superconductors has nodes that support low-energy excitations. Mizukami et al. report that disorder introduced by electron irradiation in BaFe₂(As_1−xP_x)₂induces a sequence of transitions from a nodal to a nodeless gap and then to another gapless state.

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of type 2 diabetes (T2D) identifies more than 600 T2D-associated loci; integrating physiological trait and single-cell chromatin accessibility data at these loci sheds light on heterogeneity within the T2D phenotype.

Coherent quantum transition spectroscopy of the spin of a single antiproton is reported, demonstrating Rabi oscillations of the spin and enabling improved measurement of matter/antimatter symmetry using proton and antiproton magnetic moments.

Frustration-induced dimensional reduction is manifested in lower dimensionality of magnetic correlations compared to that of the magnetic structure. Here the authors demonstrate the role of the uniform Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in the recently synthesized material Ca3ReO5Cl2 exhibiting dimensional reduction.

Multi-ancestry fine-mapping of breast cancer susceptibility regions identifies candidate causal variants and prioritizes likely effector genes supported by functional genomic evidence.

Several experiments have shown evidence for unusual nematic electronic behaviour in unconventional superconductors. Here the authors use pump-probe spectroscopy to observe out-of-equilibrium behaviour of coupled nematic-orbital excitations in iron selenide.

A study shows that epididymal spermatozoa are sensitive to preconception diet, identifies mitochondrial tRNAs and their fragments as sperm-borne factors and demonstrates epigenetic inheritance of mitochondrial tRNAs.

High-precision measurements could disclose fundamental dissimilarities between matter and antimatter, which are found imbalanced in the Universe. Here, the authors measure the magnetic moment of the antiproton with six-fold higher accuracy than before, finding it consistent with that of the proton.

Results from a randomized clinical trial show that adding exercise to diet-induced weight loss can improve beta-cell function, measured as late-phase disposition index, in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Adults with overweight or obesity who exercise regularly for at least 2 years exhibit distinct structural and proteomic characteristics in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue that may contribute to better cardiometabolic health outcomes.

The successful transport of a trapped proton cloud from the antimatter factory of CERN using a transportable, superconducting, autonomous and open Penning-trap system that can distribute antiprotons into other experiments is reported.

Biological carbon pump pathways combine to transport organic carbon into the deep ocean. This study shows that sinking particles sequester 4 Pg C, active transport sequesters 1 Pg C, and subduction sequesters 0.8 Pg C in the California Current Ecosystem.

Nodal line semimetals have been observed in three-dimensional materials but are missing in two-dimensional counterparts. Here, Feng et al. report two-dimensional Dirac nodal line fermions protected by mirror reflection symmetry in monolayer Cu₂Si.

Comparing hydrogen and antihydrogen—its antimatter counterpart—provides important tests of fundamental symmetries in the Standard Model. Kuroda et al. present a source of antihydrogen atoms that may provide high-precision in-flight measurements of their ground-state hyperfine splitting.

This study introduces AdipoExpress, an eQTL meta-analysis of 2,344 subcutaneous adipose tissue samples, which triples the size of previous studies and expands the discovery of eQTLs colocalized with GWAS signals for cardiometabolic traits.

α-RuCl has a quantum magnetic phase that may be a spin liquid hosting Majorana fermion excitations. Heat capacity measurements show an anisotropic dependence on magnetic-field direction, consistent with predictions for the putative spin liquid.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.