Complete testicular descent is a prerequisite for normal testicular function in adult life, and relies upon the growth and reorganization of the gubernaculum, which is regulated by the Leydig cell hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. In this Review, the authors discuss the role of these hormones in testicular descent, and consider the effect ofin uterofactors, including environmental or maternal lifestyle choices, in the etiology of cryptorchidism.
- Katrine Bay
- Katharina M. Main
- Niels E. Skakkebæk
