Bacteria and archaea have found many solutions to the problem of how to move in liquids and on solid surfaces. Although the use of a rotary flagellum in bacteria is the best-studied mode of bacterial movement, spirochaetes constrain their flagella in the periplasm, some bacteria move using type IV pili, cyanobacteria use surface spicules and others glide on surfaces without using appendages.
- Ken F. Jarrell
- Mark J. McBride
