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Atlantic hurricane numbers noticeably decreased in the 1970s and 1980s partly due to the cooling effect of eolian dust lofted from the Sahara, in response to local climate effects of aerosol pollutants emitted from Europe and North America.

If the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones have changed over the last century, it is not well known, given the lack of reliable data before the mid-20th century. Here, the author uses a statistical-dynamical model to show an increase in tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic since the 19th century.

Focusing on New York City, this study investigates the impact of climate change on hurricane storm surges. The analysis shows that the frequency of surge-flooding events is likely to increase greatly owing to the combined effects of storm-climatology change and sea-level rise.

Greenhouse-gas emissions are likely to have an impact on the damage caused by extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones. A study predicts that climate change will increase the frequency of these high-intensity storms in selected ocean basins and double their economic damage. Almost all tropical cyclone damage tends to be concentrated in North America, East Asia and the Caribbean-Central American region.

Various synthetic tropical cyclone datasets exist for risk assessment purposes. Here, the authors conduct a global dataset comparison to assess their suitability and applicability in answering different impact-related questions.

Changes to tropical cyclones will increase the risk to US coastlines. Under a high-emissions scenario, the joint hazards of extreme rainfall and storm tides increase, with the largest contribution being from increasing cyclone intensity and decreasing translation speed, rather than sea-level rise.

Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a means of mitigating the warming effects of climate change, yet the consequences of such action remain uncertain. Here, using a general circulation model, the authors evaluate the effect of stratospheric aerosol injection on tropical cyclone activity.

The primary source of uncertainty in climate-model-based assessments of future global tropical cyclone risk is the choice of the model, according to a comprehensive evaluation from CMIP6 models across different socioeconomic pathways and vulnerability functions.

When it comes to modelling how global warming will affect storms hitting the United States, some factors are better understood than others.

High-resolution coupled climate model simulations suggest only 0.4% of the land surface will see exacerbated hydrological risks under solar geoengineering that halves warming, indicating that geoengineering-related risks may be overstated.

Super typhoons pose significant societal threats, yet their future behaviour due to rainfall-driven stratification changes remains unexplored. Here, observations and climate models reveal increased precipitation and subsequent freshening will likely intensify future super typhoons in the western N. Pacific.

Analysis of global historical data in the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveals a statistically significant, poleward migration of 1° per decade in the average latitude at which tropical cyclones have achieved their lifetime-maximum intensity over the past 30 years.

Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have altered, or will alter, in a changing climate has been subject of considerable debate. An overview of recent research indicates that greenhouse warming will cause stronger storms, on average, but a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones.

Strong vortices have been observed at Saturn’s poles. Simulations suggest that tropospheric polar flows on giant planets are driven by moist convection, and that, while vortices can develop on Saturn, similar cyclones are not expected on Jupiter.

Palaeoclimate data show that 3–5 million years ago in the early Pliocene the equatorial Pacific experienced persistent warm, El Niño conditions. Here a hurricane model and a coupled climate model show a feedback between sea surface temperature and frequent hurricanes that could account for such conditions.

Hurricanes and typhoons are tracking further poleward due to the effects of climate change, according to a synthesis of numerical modelling results, observations and palaeoclimate records.

Tropical cyclone winds intensify with warming but the impacts depend on global population, which is likely to peak by mid-century and then decline. Impact modelling suggests that stronger mitigation, under which warming would peak after the population begins to decline, may spare 1.8 billion people from impacts by 2100.

Tropical cyclone-induced coastal flooding will increase under climate change. Here the authors estimate the effects of sea level rise and tropical cyclone climatology change on late–21st–century flood hazards along the US Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and find that the effect of tropical cyclone change could surpass the effect of sea level rise at some areas in the Gulf of Mexico.

Modelling reveals that Dubai in the Persian Gulf region, Tampa in Florida, and Cairns in Australia are at risk of extreme tropical cyclones—‘grey swan’ events—capable of inducing surge impact beyond anything experienced in the historical record.

Transcriptomic, proteomic and immune repertoire profiling reveals distinct peripheral features of MIS-C and pediatric COVID-19, including elevated soluble spike protein levels, more pronounced type II IFN-dependent gene expression and a higher B cell mutation rate in patients with MIS-C.

There are contrasting views on how to produce the accurate predictions that are needed to guide climate change adaptation. Here, we argue for harnessing artificial intelligence, building on domain-specific knowledge and generating ensembles of moderately high-resolution (10–50 km) climate simulations as anchors for detailed hazard models.

A consensus is emerging regarding the influence of aerosols on global precipitation patterns, although smaller-scale effects remain uncertain, according to a synthesis of recent work.

This Review examines the pathways through which humans are impacted by climate change and shows that by 2100 the world’s population will be simultaneously exposed to at least three hazards, and in some locations as many as six, under an RCP 8.5 scenario.