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Evidence is found for a distant galaxy growing inside-out within the first 700 million years of the Universe. The galaxy has a dense central core comparable in mass density to local massive ellipticals, and an extended star-forming disc.

Wind tunnel experiments and numerical modelling reveal the existence of two distinct ripples on Earth: centimetre-scale impact ripples and decimetre-scale hydrodynamic ripples, akin to those in water and on Mars.

Physical realizations of qubits are often vulnerable to leakage errors, where the system ends up outside the basis used to store quantum information. A leakage removal protocol can suppress the impact of leakage on quantum error-correcting codes.

It is hoped that simulations of molecules and materials will provide a near-term application of quantum computers. A study of the performance of error mitigation highlights the obstacles to scaling up these calculations to practically useful sizes.

Tests for human carcinogens using lifetime rodent bioassays are expensive, time-consuming and give uncertain results. For most chemicals such tests are not cost-effective.

The competitive dynamics of mitochondrial haplotypes juxtaposed within the same cell are poorly studied. Here the authors show, in the context of a transmissible cancer, that one haplotype has recurrently entered cancer cells by horizontal transfer and appears to have a ‘selfish’ selective advantage.

Over 170 susceptibility loci have been identified by genome-wide association studies in breast cancer. Here, the authors interrogated the role of risk-associated variants from non-breast tissue, and using expression quantitative trait loci, identify potential target genes of known breast cancer susceptibility variants, as well as 11 regions not previously known to be associated with breast cancer risk.

Traditional carbon accounting attributes gap between consumption- and production-based emissions to international trade. The authors develop a dynamic model that incorporates capital stock change and find it improves estimates for fast-developing countries.

This paper investigates why nicotine selectively activates neuronal and not muscular acetylcholine receptors, finding that a strong cation–π interaction, and also a hydrogen bond, form between nicotine and a specific tryptophan residue in receptors composed of α4 and β2 subunits — the subunit combination thought to underlie nicotine addiction. Muscle-type receptors also contain this tryptophan residue, but the cation–π interaction does not exist and the hydrogen bond is weaker, apparently due to the overall shape of the binding pocket.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Strontium isotope analysis can be applied to animal and plant tissues to help determine their provenance. Here, the authors generate a strontium isoscape of sub-Saharan Africa using data from 2266 environmental samples and demonstrate its efficacy by tracing the African roots of individuals from historic slavery contexts.

As part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), NIRSpec has spectroscopically confirmed four young and metal-poor galaxies at redshift 10.3–13.2, from an early epoch of galaxy formation.

Analyses of multiregional tumour samples from 421 patients with non-small cell lung cancer prospectively enrolled to the TRACERx study reveal determinants of tumour evolution and relationships between intratumour heterogeneity and clinical outcome.

This paper proposes a low-cost machine learning correction for physics-based dynamical models that improves subseasonal forecasting of temperature and precipitation two to six weeks ahead.

The endometrium is activated by the pregnancy hormones estrogen and progesterone to facilitate embryo implantation, and errors in endometrial responsiveness can lead to reduced fertility or endometriosis. Here they show that GREB1 interacts with hormone receptors in the endometrium, leading to normal or pathological consequences depending on the hormones involved.

It is known that exercise influences many human traits, but not which tissues and genes are most important. This study connects transcriptome data collected across 15 tissues during exercise training in rats as part of the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium with human data to identify traits with similar tissue specific gene expression signatures to exercise.

Genome-wide association studies have identified regions which confer risk of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Here the authors use expression quantitative train locus analysis to identify candidate genes and functionally characterise them, identifying a role for HOXD9 in ovarian cancer.

Adult expression of fetal haemoglobin is beneficial and thus desirable in patients with haemoglobin disorders. Here the authors introduce a naturally occurring mutation in the γ-globinpromoter and show that it causes binding of an activator TAL1, chromosome looping and revival of fetal haemoglobin expression in erythroid cells.

The analysis of food web properties under different environmental conditions informs us how the ecosystem functions. Here, Tunneyet al. use post-glacial lakes as model ecosystems to show how macroscopic patterns of food webs vary with changes in habitat and resource accessibility.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 infects human skin and mucous membranes. MacLeod and colleagues identify MARCO as a novel cell-surface receptor bound by herpes simplex virus type 1, and show that this interaction enhances infection of keratinocytes and promotes the development of skin lesions in mice.

An experimental investigation of the dynamics of the spin ½ Floquet XXZ model finds bound states as predicted, and also robustness to noise and non-integrability when theoretical descriptions start to fail.

Both acute and chronic COVID-19 disease (also known as long-COVID) may affect the central nervous system. Here authors characterize the immunological profile of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients in order to identify the main factors that contribute to neurological impairment and the severity of neurological symptoms in Sars-CoV-2 infection.

In large qubit registers, long coherence times and individual qubit control are difficult to achieve at the same time. Here, the authors assemble a 2D register of qubits in an array of fermionic alkaline-earth atoms, where tailored pulses can be applied to subsets of individual qubits in parallel.

Simulations suggest that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean will shift from a winter to a summer maximum owing to enhanced summer sea surface warming from earlier sea-ice retreat.

Protein isoform quantification in shotgun proteomics is challenging due to the mapping of many peptides to multiple protein isoforms. Here, the authors present a computational method SEPepQuant and demonstrate its utility in revealing protein isoform level regulation in shotgun proteomics.

Whole-genome sequencing and phenotype data sharing are introduced in a national health system to streamline diagnosis and to discover coding and non-coding variants that cause rare diseases.

Natural killer cells have important roles in virus and anti-cancer responses. Glimcher and colleagues demonstrate that a natural killer cell-intrinsic endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway is essential for their proper function.

Hao, Shen and colleagues identify and characterize two distinct types of myeloid–B cell interaction that may signal solid tumour-induced immunosuppression and can correlate with complete responses to immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer.

The analysis of liver biopsy samples after AAV gene therapy for hemophilia A reveals normal histology and long-term persistence of the episomal vector, and identifies potential factors contributing to interindividual variability of transgene expression.

CAR T cells targeting PSMA and engineered to be resistant to immunosuppressive TGFβ signaling exhibit dose-dependent toxicity and expansion following infusion, with some transient antitumor activity, in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Wind and solar energy must be complemented by a combination of energy storage and firm generating capacity. Here, Sepulveda et al. assess the economic value and system impact of a wide range of possible long-duration energy storage technologies, providing insights to guide innovation and policy.

Sr₃Ru₂O₇ exhibits a quantum critical point tunable by magnetic field and has been widely used in the study of criticality. Here, by using inelastic neutron scattering, the authors measure collective magnetic excitations near the quantum critical point and relate them to thermodynamic properties and spin density wave order.

Breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers varies depending on other genetic factors. Here, the authors perform a case-only genome-wide association study and highlight novel loci associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers.

How the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) changed on glacial-interglacial time scales is not well known. Here, the authors present a 140,000 year long sediment record from the Drake passage and show both glacial-interglacial as well as millennial-scale variability which are linked to Atlantic variability and marine carbon storage.