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The cool sub-Neptune LP 791-18 c, with an equilibrium temperature of 355 K, was found to host a hazy atmosphere, distinct from any other temperate sub-Neptune studied so far. The discovery demonstrates the intrinsic diversity of these worlds.

Polygenic risk scores can help identify individuals at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors characterise a multi-ancestry score across nearly 900,000 people, showing that its predictive value depends on demographic and clinical context and extends to related traits and complications.

The authors propose a Generalized Latent Equilibrium framework for fully local credit assignment in physical, dynamical neuronal networks such as the brain. By exploiting dendritic structure and prospective coding in cortical neurons, it enables an online approximation of backpropagation through space and time.

This Perspective offers a roadmap for tackling the challenges of the facsimile problem, moral multidimensionality and moral pluralism in large language models.

The authors identify a Cys→Ser transformation (C19S) in insulin leading to neoepitope presentation and CD4⁺ T cell autoreactivity in type 1 diabetes. Inflammation and oxidative stress enhanced C19S transformation in β cells and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in C19S-specific CD4⁺ T cells with an activated memory phenotype linked to disease progression.

Ribosomes convert chemical energy to mechanical work. Here, the authors monitor ribosome binding to the GTPase EF-G and the ensuing mechanical work on mRNA in real time, uncovering a major energetic contribution from EF-G binding, rather than GTP hydrolysis, to the mechanical work.

The therapeutic relevance of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer, remains to be explored. Here, the authors integrate multi-omic data and functional readouts, generate a resource of telomere biology metrics and identify potential molecular vulnerabilities.

The 4D Nucleome Project demonstrates the use of genomic assays and computational methods to measure genome folding and then predict genomic structure from DNA sequence, facilitating the discovery of potential effects of genetic variants, including variants associated with disease, on genome structure and function.

Spin-enhanced lateral flow tests use nanodiamonds for the sensitive, robust detection of disease biomarkers. Here, authors report a clinical evaluation of a test for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, finding 95.1% sensitivity (Ct ≤ 30) and 100% specificity, with detection 2.0 days earlier than conventional tests.

Chronic Kidney Disease affects 1 in 10 people worldwide with prevalence continuing to rise, thus there is a need to identify novel biomarkers that can add value to existing clinical and biochemical risk predictors. Here the authors identify miR190a-5p as potential indicator of kidney health and disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease.

This study reveals how the intrinsically disordered protein POSH undergoes stepwise folding upon binding to the GTPase Rac1. Each folding step is dependent on the successful completion of the previous one, revealing a hierarchical folding mechanism.

Here the authors show that tissue-resident memory and exhausted T cells in tumors are distinct populations that are shaped by relative presence or absence of TCR signals, suggesting that a tailored therapeutic strategy is needed to target each subset.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Growth differentiation factor 15, hemoglobin A1c, cystatin C, leptin and insulin levels were consistently and positively associated with measures of multimorbidity, both cross-sectional and longitudinal, in individuals aged 60 and over.

Chronic tinnitus is often treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy, hearing aids, counselling, or sound therapy, but their combined benefit is unclear. Here, the authors show, in a multicentre randomised trial, that combination treatments improve tinnitus scores more than single therapies, though benefits appear compensatory rather than synergistic.

H5N1 avian influenza viruses caused an outbreak in dairy cattle. We show that the potential for avian viruses to replicate in cow cells varies across H5N1 evolution, suggesting that the risk of spillover into mammals differs between variants.

Xenotransplantation of a genetically edited pig kidney with a thymic autograft into a brain-dead human for 61 days with immunosuppression resulted in stable kidney function without proteinuria, and xenograft rejection was treated and reversed by the end of the study.

Diffusion models are reframed by developing a generative blood cell classifier that performs reliably in low-data regimes, adapts to domain shifts, detects anomalies with robustness and provides uncertainty estimates that surpass clinical expert benchmarks.

A protocol for the planning and implementation of magnetoencephalography experiments across nonclinical and clinical settings, including the methodological considerations required for designing multidisciplinary, population-based studies.

By learning a differentiation potential using an optimal transport-based approach, STORIES models and infers cell fate trajectories using spatiotemporal omics data.

Brain-wide recordings in mice reveal that prior expectations are distributed through recurrent loops across all levels of cortical and subcortical processing.

Milordini et al. report the design of DNA aptamers that block RAD51-BRCA2 interaction and impair DNA repair in cancer cells. Combined with the PARP inhibitor Olaparib, they trigger synthetic lethality, suggesting potential avenues for cancer treatment.

The International Brain Laboratory presents a brain-wide electrophysiological map obtained from pooling data from 12 laboratories that performed the same standardized perceptual decision-making task in mice.

In colorectal cancer, therapeutic resistance is driven by MAPK-dependent epithelial cell plasticity.

XRISM observations show the presence of odd-numbered elements chlorine and potassium in Cas A. These findings suggest that stellar activity plays an important role in cosmic chemical evolution, enriching space with elements vital for planets and life.

Neural circuits in adult mouse visual cortex are stabilized by astrocytes, which secrete CCN1, resulting in reduced plasticity and increased maturation of multiple cell types.

The ATPase UAP56 acts as an ATP-gated molecular switch that directs mRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes from TREX to nuclear-pore-complex-anchored TREX-2 complexes for mRNA export from the nucleus.

Analysis of soundscape data from 139 globally distributed sites reveals that sounds of biological origin exhibit predictable rhythms depending on location and season, whereas sounds of anthropogenic origin are less predictable. Comparisons between paired urban–rural sites show that urban green spaces are noisier and dominated by sounds of technological origin.

Riparian vegetation reduced gulf turbidity up to 800 meters offshore, overlapping coral reefs and seagrasses, while pasture and gravel roads increased turbidity, according to a scalable framework using remote sensing and causal inference methods.

A modularized open-source pipeline for invasive brain signal decoding bridges the gap between closed-loop neuromodulation and clinical brain–computer interface approaches in a large patient cohort.

Tuberculosis is a major global health threat. Here, the authors develop a single-cell drug discovery approach and identify a compound that tunes bacterial phenotypic variation. This enhances the activity of anti-tubercular drugs against the pathogen.

Our annual survey highlights several academic startups developing immunotherapies as well as ventures focusing on microbiomes, proteostasis, integrin biology, nucleic acid delivery and subcellular imaging.

Time-series observations from the JWST of the transiting exoplanet WASP-39b show gaseous water in the planet’s atmosphere and place an upper limit on the abundance of methane.

Three scientist mothers call for a change in how conference childcare costs are reimbursed, drawing on their personal experiences.

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of drug targets. Here, the authors demonstrate that these receptors may induce a reaction reverse to canonical GTP binding, namely- the release of GTP from G protein, through unique functional activation of the receptor. Further, the reverse reaction is agonist specific.

Early high-resolution images of two 2021 novae reveal eruptions unfolding in multiple stages with colliding outflows that produce shocks and gamma rays, reshaping our understanding of stellar explosions.

The medium-resolution transmission spectrum of the exoplanet WASP-39b, described using observations from the Near Infrared Spectrograph G395H grating aboard JWST, shows significant absorption from CO₂ and H₂O and detection of SO₂.

A genome-wide association meta-analysis study of blood lipid levels in roughly 1.6 million individuals demonstrates the gain of power attained when diverse ancestries are included to improve fine-mapping and polygenic score generation, with gains in locus discovery related to sample size.

Watt, Dauber, Szkop and colleagues find that H3K4me3 remodels 5′UTR selection in hypoxia and that this process is independent of HIF-1 transcriptional mechanisms.

Using proximity-based screening, protein engineering, and structural analysis, this study describes the development of a p62-based biodegrader for the clearance of organelles and aggregated proteins by autophagy-targeted degradation.

The authors synthesize bee assemblage data from 681 crop fields across three continents, finding that local pesticide hazards and decreasing adjacent semi-natural habitats both negatively affected wild bee abundance and species richness in crop fields, while pesticides also reduced functional diversity.

The transmission spectrum of the exoplanet WASP-39b is obtained using observations from the Single-Object Slitless Spectroscopy mode of the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph instrument aboard the JWST.

Eric Vivier and colleagues discuss the emerging roles for natural killer (NK) cells and other innate lymphoid cell populations in cancer immunity. The authors highlight the current immunotherapy trials that are targeting NK cells to treat patients with cancer.

Here, in a randomized clinical trial, the authors report that an experimental young child formula containing a combination of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and galacto-oligosaccharides enhances bone and muscle development in early life through modulation of the microbiome.

Nature Biotechnology’s annual survey highlights academic start ups that are, among other things, correcting misfolded or disordered proteins, creating second-generation GPCR agonists, building a new gene delivery platform and mining cancer genomes for novel targets.

This work introduces BraDiPho, an open-access resource of interactive 3D human brain models, integrating layer-by-layer dissections with tractography, cortical parcellations, and tools for multimodal white matter anatomical studies.

An investigation using various methods reports an association between adeno-associated virus 2 and paediatric hepatitis of unknown aetiology.

Bovine fibroblast cell line generation without genetic modification is characterized. A technoeconomic analysis demonstrates the potential for price-competitive, scaled-up cultivated beef production.