Warm dense matter (WDM) is a key state for understanding inertial confinement fusion and planetary interiors, but direct, time-resolved bulk temperature measurements have been scarce. This study demonstrates rapid isochoric heating of solid copper to over 100 eV within 50 ps using a focused, intense laser-driven proton beam, with picosecond-resolved Kα spectroscopy revealing both the temperature evolution and spatial gradients, advancing diagnostics for WDM research.
- M. Bailly-Grandvaux
- S. Bolaños
- F. N. Beg
