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The mass-independent calcium isotope composition of inner-Solar-System bodies is correlated with their masses and accretion ages, indicating a rapid growth for the precursors of Earth and the Moon during the protoplanetary disk’s lifetime.

Sulfur isotope excursions in skeletal collagen samples from Eurasia suggest rapidly changing biogeochemical processes across the region from about 30,000 to 15,000 years ago, potentially related to changing permafrost conditions.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

The authors investigate the ultrafast dissociative dynamics of iodomethane induced by sudden ultraviolet photoexcitation. They showcase how subsequent ionization within a 5-femtosecond window can stabilize the molecule and prevent fragmentation.

The dark septate endophytes prefer extreme conditions. Here, Li et al. show that diploidization-driven heterosis confers a fitness advantage to Laburnicola rhizohalophila under abiotic stresses.

In this study, the authors assess the global response to the toxic aldehyde glyoxal (GO) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that GO controls quorum sensing during infection through a mechanism involving a novel protein, ArqI.

Variability in human longevity is genetically influenced. Using genetic data of parental lifespan, the authors identify associations at HLA-DQA/DRB1 and LPA and find that genetic variants that increase educational attainment have a positive effect on lifespan whereas increasing BMI negatively affects lifespan.

Characterization of the genetic architecture underlying the 7 pairs of contrasting traits studied by Mendel and the over 70 additional agronomic traits in pea (Pisum sativum) reveals their molecular details and provides tools for further studies in pea genetics, functional genomics and crop improvement.

Directed evolution has emerged as a powerful tool for the identification of improved enzyme catalysts. Now, gel-shell beads are introduced as compartments that cage an enzyme with its encoding DNA, constituting a new genotype–phenotype linkage. Screening of 10⁷ gel-shell beads by flow cytometry leads to an improved phosphotriesterase bioremediation catalyst.

Genome-wide analyses identify 30 independent loci associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder, highlighting genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders and implicating putative effector genes and cell types contributing to its etiology.

The authors developed an adeno-associated virus-based high-throughput in vivo CRISPR screening platform for endogenous mouse brain cell types. Using this platform, they define genes and pathways essential for neuronal survival.

Analysis of autosomal recessive coding variants in 29,745 trios from the DDD study and GeneDx provides insights into the genetic architecture of developmental disorders across ancestrally diverse populations.

Cell-cell adhesions coordinate collective movement by linking neighboring cells. Here, the authors use artificial photoswitchable adhesions to show that increased membrane tension can drive collective migration.

Mixing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with halide salts enable low-temperature melting and processable MOF-derived glasses with tunable properties and enhanced structural versatility.

Type Ic supernovae (SNe) originate either from the core collapse of very massive stars or from less massive stars in binary systems. Here, the authors show that progenitors of Type II and Ic SNe have comparable lifetimes and initial masses, which supports binary interaction for most Type Ic SNe progenitors.

Methylated RNA bases influence many life processes, but current detection methods lack the ability to detect individual methylations in single cells. Here, the authors use fluorescence hybridization probes sensitive to methylation to detect specific epitranscriptomic modifications at the single-cell level.

Antibody-drug conjugates targeting high expression receptors can suffer from poor tumour penetration. Here, the authors use unconjugated antibody to improve the penetration of an antibody-dye conjugate in a clinical study, supporting further clinical investigation of the co-administration strategy.

Manual injection, which remains low-throughput and labor-intensive, is a technical bottleneck for large-scale genetic studies of C. elegans. Here, the authors report a robotic microinjection system which facilitates injection speed while maintaining injection quality which is comparable to experienced experts.

Ryugu is more primitive than carbonaceous chondrites, according to elevated noble gas concentrations. Elevated Xe and its isotopic composition further provide constraints on fractionation of the solar composition to form the early planetary components.

The H₂ roaming mechanism in organic molecules is involved in the formation of \({{{{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}}_{3}}^{+}\), one of the most abundant molecular ions in the universe, but its direct visualization has been challenging. Here the authors obtain direct insights into these complex dynamics by tracking the roaming H₂ molecules in acetonitrile with time-resolved Coulomb explosion imaging.

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming require orthogonal tRNAs. Methods have now been developed for the automated generation of chimeric orthogonal tRNAs and discovery of their cognate synthetases. These approaches have been used to discover new orthogonal pairs for efficient non-canonical amino acid incorporation.

An integrated analysis of de novo and inherited coding variants in 42,607 individuals with autism spectrum disorder identifies 60 risk genes of which five have not previously been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

The species-area relationship describes how the number of species increases with the size of the area sampled, showing a consistent triphasic pattern. This study shows that these phases arise from species’ spatial distributions, providing a unified framework to predict phase transitions across ecosystems.

According to astrophysical and geological models, cosmic dust rich in bioessential elements could have accumulated on the surface of early Earth in arid environments (such as glaciers), potentially helping to foster the chemical origins of life.

Venous tumour thrombus can occur within renal cell carcinoma, and can require complex additional surgery and treatment. Here, the authors analyse multiparametric data from patients treated with axitinib and develop a machine learning model to predict neoadjuvant treatment response.

Obstetric complications are less frequent in subsequent than in first pregnancies, and one potential difference is immunological adaptation of the mothers. Here authors compare the immunological landscape of the uterine microenvironment in mice during first and subsequent pregnancies to find that tolerogenic regulatory T cells recognising foetal antigens accumulate in subsequent pregnancies to enable better foetal development and overall pregnancy outcome.

Distinguishing band and Mott insulators experimentally represents a longstanding challenge. Here, the authors demonstrate a momentum-resolved signature of a dimerized Mott-insulator in the out-of-plane spectral function of Nb₃Br₈.

The nucleosynthetic composition of silicon in meteorites indicates that material akin to early-formed differentiated asteroids must represent a major constituent of terrestrial planets such as Earth and Mars.

Due to mechanical stress, hydropower systems can suffer severe fatigue damage during start-up. Here, the authors propose a machine learning procedure to identify start-up trajectories which minimize fatigue damage.

Fe-sulphides decompose reversibly, providing a source of volatile gases that sustain comet-like activity over many heating cycles, according to experimental heating of meteorites that simulates the thermal regime of the near-Sun asteroid Phaethon

The fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici causes wheat powdery mildew disease. Here, Sotiropoulos et al. analyze a global sample of 172 mildew genomes, providing evidence that humans drove global spread of the pathogen throughout history and that mildew rapidly evolved through hybridization with local fungal strains.

Citizen science taps the efforts of non-experts. Here, authors describe Drugit, an extension of the crowdsourcing game Foldit, and its use in designing a non-peptide binder of Von Hippel Lindau E3 ligase for use with proteolysis targeting chimeras.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Reproductive barriers mediated by endosperm defects prevent gene flow between species. New evidence from Capsella shows that the divergence of paternally expressed imprinted genes between species driven by transposable elements, contributes to this barrier.

A comprehensive analysis of brain somatic mosaicism across the neocortex demonstrates the origins and distribution patterns of cells within the human brain.

Rapid local adaptation could potentially facilitate the recolonization of restored habitats. Here, the authors show that reed warblers have undergone substantial adaptive change in body mass in only 19 years after colonizing a restored wetland in Malta.

The mechanism by which Mars lost its early dense and carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere remains relatively unknown. Here, via mineralogical analysis of the Lafayette Martian meteorite, Tomkinson et al. infer that carbonation was an effective carbon dioxide sequestration mechanism on an early, water-rich Mars.

Infants listened to lullabies and other songs recorded in cultures and languages that were unfamiliar to them. They relaxed more in response to the lullabies. This suggests that infants may be predisposed to respond to common features of lullabies.

The incorporation of saturated bioisosteres of phenyl rings has emerged as an appealing strategy in drug-discovery programmes. However, stereocontrolled access to these sp³-hybridized skeletons remains elusive. Now, the enantioselective synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes has been achieved through a Lewis-acid-catalysed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, making it possible to obtain different drug analogues with improved properties.

The asteroid Ryugu experienced aqueous alteration under changing temperature and redox conditions, according to an isotopic analysis of secondary calcite and dolomite grains in samples from Ryugu obtained by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft.

Here, the authors elongated the hinge structure of IgG1 monoclonal antibodies. The modified IgG1-IgG3 hybrid subclass showed enhanced Fc-mediated function compared to IgG1 in two distinct biological systems, Streptococcus pyogenes and SARS-CoV-2.

How to melt and quench the largest subclass of MOFs, metal carboxylate frameworks, into glasses is a major challenge. Here, the authors develop a strategy by grafting the zwitterions onto the carboxylate ligands and incorporating organic acids into the framework channels to realize the glass formation.

Analyses focusing on protein-truncating variants from 106,973 women from in the UK Biobank identify variants in genes that reinforce the link between reproductive lifespan in women and cancer risk in both sexes.