ATG12 and ATG5 are covalently conjugated during autophagy. Exceptions are now uncovered: in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma species and in yeast Komagataella phaffii (previously Pichia pastoris), ATG12 and ATG5 form a non-covalent yet functional complex.
- Yu Pang
- Hayashi Yamamoto
- Noboru Mizushima