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In this Stage 2 Registered Report, Buchanan et al. show evidence confirming the phenomenon of semantic priming across speakers of 19 diverse languages.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

A new magnetoencephalography system allows high-spatiotemporal-resolution imaging of human brain function in moving subjects.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings are sensitive to movement and therefore are especially challenging with young participants. Here the authors develop a wearable MEG system based on a modified bicycle helmet, which enables reliable recordings in toddlers, children, teenagers and adults.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Genome-wide ancient DNA data from individuals from the Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age documents large-scale movement of people from the European continent between 1300 and 800 bc that was probably responsible for spreading early Celtic languages to Britain.

Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease derived from individuals of European ancestry can show improved performance in multiancestry settings after incorporating genome-wide association summary statistics from diverse populations.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Mutations in the kinase LRRK2 are associated with Parkinson’s disease. Godena et al. find that disease-associated LRRK2 mutations promote its binding to deacetylated microtubules, and cause defects in axonal transport and Drosophilalocomotor behaviour that can be reversed by enhancing tubulin acetylation.

The arcuate fascicle connection with the middle temporal gyrus has been considered unique to humans. Using high-resolution diffusion MRI, the authors systematically show this connection in chimpanzees, suggesting a gradual evolution of the language network.

How MICL recognizes and autoregulates the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps is explored in mouse models and human patients where disease severity is associated with aberrant neutrophil extracellular trap formation.

Sven van der Lee, Julie Williams, Gerard Schellenberg and colleagues identify rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3 and TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease. These genes are highly expressed in microglia and provide additional evidence that the microglia-mediated immune response contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Vaccination is effective in protecting from COVID-19. Here the authors report immune responses and breakthrough infections in twice-vaccinated patients receiving anti-TNF treatments for inflammatory bowel disease, and find dampened vaccine responses that implicate the need of adapted vaccination schedules for these patients.

African trypanosome infections can persist for years, but immune evasion mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, Macleod et al. identify a trypanosome receptor for mammalian factor H, a negative regulator of the alternative complement pathway, that increases parasite transmission to tsetse flies.

Primary biliary cirrhosis is an autoimmune liver disease with poor therapeutic options. Here Cordell et al. a perform meta-analysis of European genome-wide association studies identifying six novel risk loci and a number of potential therapeutic pathways.

ComEA is a DNA-binding protein required for DNA uptake during bacterial transformation. Here, Ahmed et al. determine X-ray crystal structures of ComEA from Gram-positive bacteria, identifying a domain that is absent in Gram-negative bacteria and drives ComEA oligomerization, which is required for transformation.

Coordination of neural activity between distant brain areas is necessary for cognition. Here, the authors report using MEG that various brain networks show dynamic phase coupling through specific frequency bands in the alpha and delta/theta range transiently during the resting state.

Time is running out to prevent our closest living relatives—the great apes—from being driven to extinction at our own hands. Mitani et al. advocate for substantial changes to policy and research practices before it is too late.

The density of commercially important fish and invertebrate species is influenced by the geomorphic mangrove type, salinity, temperature, and length of mangrove forest edge, according to an analysis of fish and invertebrate density data from published field studies.

Amphibian skin microbe communities have been putatively associated with the severity of chytrid fungal disease. Here, the authors show that different types of disease dynamics (enzootic versus epizootic) are associated with different microbiota in the host populations.

To achieve both biodiversity conservation and timber production in tropical forests, this modelling study finds that improved management has much more impact than the choice between sparing forests or sharing forest land for both purposes.

The gut is innervated by many types of extrinsic sensory neurons, and little consensus exists about the different classes that these afferents might belong to. In this Review, Simon Brookes and colleagues suggest that five different morphological types of endings can be distinguished by their structure, and that this scheme is compatible with physiologically based classifications.

Genome-wide analysis of self-reported dyslexia identifies 42 associated loci, including 27 not previously associated with cognitive traits. Dyslexia shows genetic correlation with ambidexterity but not neuroanatomical measures of language-related circuitry.

Hydroxycarbonate minerals such as zincian malachite and aurichalcite are well known precursors to catalysts for methanol-synthesis and low-temperature water–gas shift reactions; here, a supercritical antisolvent method is used to prepare highly stable georgeite—a hydroxycarbonate mineral that has hitherto been ignored because of its rarity, but which is found to be a superior catalyst precursor.