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While nonenzymatic organic synthesis from the H₂–CO₂ redox couple underpins prebiotic carbon metabolism, building integrated, multi-pathway carbon reaction networks prior to enzymatic catalysis remains challenging. Here, the authors show that metallic molybdenum sulfide, mimicking Mo–S₂–pterin enzymes, enables hydrothermal CO₂ reaction networks spanning five carbon sequestration pathways.

The intestinal microbiome is shaped by genetics and environment. Here, the authors show in rats that host genetic effects, including indirect social effects, influence microbiome composition, identify replicated loci, and reveal mechanisms contributing to microbiome heritability.

For proper mitochondrial inheritance, paternal sperm mitochondria must be eliminated. Here, authors identify ALKB-1 mediated tRNA demethylation as essential for this clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans, revealing an epitranscriptomic quality checkpoint tied to male fertility.

Generative large language models (for example, ChatGPT and Claude) were used to score Big-Five traits from open-ended thoughts and video diaries. Large language model scores aligned with self-reports and predicted behaviour, showing personality’s expression in everyday language.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

JWST imaged three of the gas giants orbiting the star HR 8799 to study their atmospheres. The uniform enrichment of heavy elements, including sulfur, indicates that they formed like Jupiter and Saturn by accreting a lot of icy and rocky solids.

SLC6A6 localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and mediates mitochondrial taurine import, which sustains mitochondrial tRNA modifications and cell growth.

Splitting water using sunlight is a promising route to green hydrogen, yet inefficient charge carrier utilization in photocatalysts limits their solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Here the authors introduce excitonic quantum superlattices to prolong exciton lifetimes and optimize charge steering, achieving a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 3% under ambient conditions.

The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory demonstrates evidence of spin correlations in \(\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }\) hyperon pairs inherited from virtual spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark pairs during QCD confinement.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

CrPS₄, a 2D van der Waals A-type antiferromagnet, is shown to exhibit ideal characteristics of Stoner–Wohlfarth antiferromagnets, such as ferromagnet-like binary switching rather than layer-by-layer flipping as in other 2D A-type antiferromagnets.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Engineering catalyst interfaces plays a key role in designing supported metal systems. Here, the authors report that Ni nanoparticles redisperse from SiO₂ to molybdenum carbide, forming dual interfaces that enhance tandem CO₂ hydrogenation.

While CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are often initially successful in many breast cancer subtypes, often resistance develops and other subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) fail to respond. Here, the authors demonstrate that the CDK2 inhibitor BLU-222, alone or with CDK4/6i, restores cell-cycle control via p21/p27 induction overcoming resistance in preclinical models of breast cancer, including TNBC.

Spatiotemporal coordination of cellular and molecular events is crucial for cell fate commitment. Here, Yang et al. describe how transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenomic states regulate left-right patterning and axial mesendoderm lineage commitment during mouse gastrulation.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

STING–type-I interferon pathway regulates the immunogenicity of several cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Here the authors describe that glutamine metabolism in the tumour microenvironment dampens the STING–type-I interferon pathway by epigenetically silencing the expression of BATF2, which functions as a tumour suppressor.

Kinematic measurements of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveal two drivers of gas motions: a small-scale driver in the inner core associated with black-hole feedback and a large-scale driver in the outer core powered by mergers.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a cause of myocardial infarction Here, the authors present a genome-wide association study of SCAD, finding an association at 1q21.2 which potentially affects expression of ADAMTSL4.

Our annual survey highlights startups tackling intractable viruses with new vaccine design, engineering a reliable source of platelets, universalizing cell therapies, improving cancer screening, developing RNA-editing platforms and targeting protein–RNA interactions. Michael Eisenstein, Ken Garber, Caroline Seydel and Laura DeFrancesco report.

Protein kinases contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and immune evasion. This study identifies SPAK as a key driver of oncogenesis and immune exhaustion, showing that SPAK inhibition synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy to enhance antitumor efficacy.

On the basis of high-quality observational data, Goyal et al. have found that serum potassium levels <3.5 mmol/l or ≥4.5 mmol/l are associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. We discuss whether target potassium levels in clinical practice and guidelines should be changed to 3.5–4.5 mmol/l.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

In a retrospective case–control study of electronic health records, patients with bladder cancer and colour vision deficiency (CVD) had a 52% higher 20-year mortality risk than matched controls without CVD.

CrSBr is an air-stable van der Waals semiconducting layered antiferromagnet, holding the promise for a variety of spintronic applications. However, like all antiferromagnets, readout and control of the magnetic structures are challenging. Here, using a graphene gate on trilayer CrSBr, Hong, Sun, and coauthors succeed in full discrimination of otherwise degenerate magnetic states and electrical control of magnetic transitions.

Cas9 fused to DNA damage repair proteins can improve rates of gene knock-in but the chimeric protein is often large. Here the authors fuse Cas9 to a minimal Brex27 motif from BRCA2 consisting of thirty-six amino acids to enhance the efficacy and safety of gene editing.

Nature Biotechnology’s annual survey highlights academic startups that are, among other things, designing circular RNA therapeutics, tackling cancer with arenaviruses, creating psychedelics without the trip, editing genes and cells in vivo, harnessing the power of autoantibodies and editing the epigenome.

Tan and colleagues develop DNA nanodevices to detect the pH of the lysosomal outer surface, observing an acidic layer generated by TMEM175 that regulates lysosome positioning in response to changes in juxta-lysosomal pH.

Nature Biotechnology’s annual survey highlights university startups that are, among other things, rethinking how to deliver gene-editing therapy and tackling various metabolic conditions, immune disorders and cancer with microbiome treatments or immunotherapy. Michael Eisenstein, Ken Garber, Esther Landhuis, Caroline Seydel and Laura DeFrancesco report.

Agricultural intensification in China became more sustainable from 2000 to 2020 by reducing reliance on fertilizer and machinery and focusing on resource efficiency and environmental protection, based on remote sensing and landscape index analysis.

IL-17A, a cytokine important for tissue repair, can impair healing when increased, contributing to keratinocyte dysfunction in type 2 diabetic wounds. Here, the authors show that IL-17A drives this dysfunction via JMJD3-mediated epigenetic changes, and that blocking this pathway improves wound healing.

In an arm of an ongoing multicenter phase 2 trial testing different therapies in patients with genetically profiled grade 2 or 3 meningiomas, treatment with an oral CDK4/6 inhibitor met the primary endpoint for progression-free survival at 6 months in patients with CDK or NF2 alterations.

Reported detections of gases in exoplanet atmospheres, including claims of biosignatures on K2-18 b, disappear when broader models are tested, revealing that such detections often reflect modelling limits rather than real signals.

Radiation reaction (RR) on particles in strong fields is the subject of intense experimental research, but previous efforts lacked statistical significance due to the extreme regimes required. Here, the authors report a 5σ observation of RR and obtain strong, quantitative evidence favouring quantum models over classical, using an all-optical setup where electrons are accelerated by a laser in a gas jet before colliding with a second, intense pulse.

The authors report that, in mice without hepatic insulin signaling, diets high in fructose cause acute hepatic steatosis without increasing hepatic de novo lipogenesis, dependent upon hepatic follistatin secretion and associated adipose insulin resistance.

This research developed and compared firearm-specific and method-agnostic machine-learning models using data from 800,579 Army veterans, revealing that model choice and intervention thresholds impact predictive accuracy and fairness, guiding tailored suicide prevention efforts.

Engineered Escherichia coli strains expressing a colibactin antitoxin, ClbS, on the surface prevent the genotoxic effects of colibactin released by genotoxin-producing bacteria in the mouse gut.

This Review discusses key strategies for managing patients with advanced chronic kidney disease progressing towards kidney failure. The authors examine drug and lifestyle interventions that can mitigate kidney and cardiovascular risks, and options for addressing kidney failure, including transplantation, dialysis and conservative kidney care, with an emphasis on informed shared decision-making.

XRISM observations show the presence of odd-numbered elements chlorine and potassium in Cas A. These findings suggest that stellar activity plays an important role in cosmic chemical evolution, enriching space with elements vital for planets and life.

Mucosal influenza vaccines promise enhanced protection but lack defined immune correlates of protection. Here, the authors conduct a phase I trial of an intranasal recombinant influenza A/H5 vaccine with a nanoemulsion adjuvant, demonstrating successful mucosal priming and broad cross-clade immune responses, advancing the development of intranasal influenza vaccines.

A study of 19 major Chinese urban agglomerations finds poor or uneven coordination between 3D urbanization and ecosystem services, using coupling coordination degree across intra-, peri-, and tele-coupling scales.

The cool sub-Neptune LP 791-18 c, with an equilibrium temperature of 355 K, was found to host a hazy atmosphere, distinct from any other temperate sub-Neptune studied so far. The discovery demonstrates the intrinsic diversity of these worlds.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

How landscapes are arranged affects soil pathogenic fungi worldwide. The authors reveal the global pattern and pronounced scale-dependency of landscape complexity and land-cover quantity on soil pathogenic fungal diversity.

An antimatter hypernucleus formed by an anti-lambda hadron, an antiproton and two antineutrons was observed through its two-body decay after production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.

A ductile inorganic-rich solid–electrolyte interphase that retains its structural integrity and allows easy ion diffusion enables a long cycle life under practical conditions for lithium metal batteries.

Chemical modification of porous materials is important for realising advanced applications, but often has a negative impact on other properties. Here, the authors report a method for the modification of polymers of intrinsic porosity to introduce a range of functional groups.

The existing ENCODE registry of candidate human and mouse cis-regulatory elements is expanded with the addition of new ENCODE data, integrating new functional data as well as new cell and tissue types.