Lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste management is an integral part of the LIB circular economy. LIB refurbishing & repurposing and recycling can increase the useful life of LIBs and constituent materials, while serving as effective LIB waste management approaches. A combined effort by governments, industries and end-users will be integral in improving LIB waste collection rates which are largely lacking. A developed pseudo technical green score concept highlights direct recycling as a preferable recycling approach based on various life cycle assessment indicators. Standardized costing for the treatment of end-of-life LIBs shows pyrometallurgy as the least costly recycling approach.
- P. M. Tembo
- C. Dyer
- V. Subramanian
