Ablative modalities, which use energy–tissue interactions to ablate tumours, have emerged as an intermediate treatment option between active surveillance and surgical resection. In this Review, the authors discuss the four main ablative modalities that have been used to treat small renal masses—cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and irreversible electroporation.
- Arturo Castro Jr
- Lawrence C. Jenkins
- Raymond J. Leveillee
