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Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour in children; having assembled over 1,000 samples the authors report that somatic copy number aberrations are common in medulloblastoma, in particular a tandem duplication of SNCAIP, a gene associated with Parkinson’s disease, which is restricted to subgroup 4α, and translocations of PVT1, which are restricted to Group 3.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network reports an integrative analysis of more than 400 samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on genomic, DNA methylation, RNA and proteomic characterisation; frequent mutations were identified in the PI(3)K/AKT pathway, suggesting this pathway might be a potential therapeutic target, among the findings is also a demonstration of metabolic remodelling which correlates with tumour stage and severity.

An integrated transcriptome, genome, methylome and proteome analysis of over 200 lung adenocarcinomas reveals high rates of somatic mutations, 18 statistically significantly mutated genes including RIT1 and MGA, splicing changes, and alterations in MAPK and PI(3)K pathway activity.

The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium reports on their genome-wide characterization of somatic alterations in colorectal cancer; in addition to revealing a remarkably consistent pattern of genomic alteration, with 24 genes being significantly mutated, the study identifies new targets for therapeutic intervention and suggests an important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Network describe their multifaceted analyses of primary breast cancers, shedding light on breast cancer heterogeneity; although only three genes (TP53, PIK3CA and GATA3) are mutated at a frequency greater than 10% across all breast cancers, numerous subtype-associated and novel mutations were identified.

The Trans-ABySS pipeline is an integrated approach for transcript assembly and analysis to identify new mRNA isoforms and structures.

Comprehensive analyses of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas by The Cancer Genome Atlas project show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including TP53 in nearly all samples; a potential therapeutic target is identified in most of the samples studied.

Marco Marra and colleagues identify somatic mutations in EZH2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and follicular lymphomas. EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase that participates in trimethylation of H3 Lys27 (H3K27) as part of the PRC2 complex. The mutations alter a single tyrosine residue in the SET domain of EZH2 and reduce the ability of PRC2 to trimethylate H3K27 in vitro.

An integrative genomic analysis of several hundred endometrial carcinomas shows that a minority of tumour samples carry copy number alterations or TP53 mutations and many contain key cancer-related gene mutations, such as those involved in canonical pathways and chromatin remodelling; a reclassification of endometrial tumours into four distinct types is proposed, which may have an effect on patient treatment regimes.

Advances in next generation sequencing have made it possible to precisely characterize the coding mutations that occur during the development and progression of individual cancers. Here, this technique is used to sequence the genomes and transcriptomes of an oestrogen-receptor-α-positive metastatic lobular breast cancer; significant evolution is found to occur with disease progression.

The methylation of DNA in 5′ promoter regions suppresses gene expression, but what is the role of DNA methylation in the bodies of genes? Here, a map of DNA methylation is generated from human brain tissue; it is found that most methylated CpG islands are within intragenic and intergenic regions, rather than within promoters. It is proposed that intragenic methylation regulates the expression of alternative gene transcripts in different tissues and cell types.

Primary triple-negative breast cancers are shown to vary widely and continuously in the degree of clonal evolution and mutational content at the time of diagnosis, with implications for future studies of the disease.

Current clinical practice is organized according to tissue or organ of origin of tumors. Now, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has started to identify genomic and other molecular commonalities among a dozen different types of cancer. Emerging similarities and contrasts will form the basis for targeted therapies of the future and for repurposing existing therapies by molecular rather than histological similarities of the diseases.