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Chromatin accessibility dynamics causally influence changes in gene expression levels, but these fluctuations may not be directly coupled over time. Here, authors develop computational causal framework HALO, examining epigenetic plasticity and gene regulation dynamics in single-cell multi-omic data.

Brain age gaps (BAGs) highlight deviations from healthy brain aging, yet their biophysical underpinnings in aging and dementia are not well understood. Here, the authors use EEG connectivity and generative modeling across diverse populations to reveal that BAGs are influenced by geography, income, sex and education, with implications for understanding accelerated aging and dementia.

External Control Arm methods for clinical trials were developed to compare the efficacy of a treatment to a control group that is built with data from external sources. Here, the authors present FedECA, a privacy-enhancing method for analyzing treatment effects across institutions, streamlining multi-centric trial design and thereby accelerating drug development while minimizing patient data exposure.

Treatment-seeking for fever is widely used to estimate treatment of childhood infections, but cross-country comparisons are problematic. Here, the authors estimate the probability of seeking treatment for fever at public facilities across 29 countries by quantifying person-level latent variables.

The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection varied over the course of the pandemic due to factors such as changes in variant characteristics and population immunity from previous infection or vaccination. Here, the authors estimate infection hospitalisation and infection fatality rates in England over time from the start of the pandemic until March 2023.

This study presents a framework combining theory and super-resolution imaging to uncover how chromatin-lamina interactions reorganize the genome across diverse microenvironments and regulate cell identity through molecular mechanisms.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

Polygenic risk scores can help identify individuals at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors characterise a multi-ancestry score across nearly 900,000 people, showing that its predictive value depends on demographic and clinical context and extends to related traits and complications.

Perception can occur in the absence of report. Here, the authors use intracranial recordings to show that sequential sampling of sensory evidence in the ventral visual cortex supports perception beyond report.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

This study uncovered genetic associations with environmental sensitivity in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental traits in an international collaboration using data from more than 21,000 monozygotic twins—the largest genetic study of monozygotic twin differences to date.

The MICrONS mouse visual cortex dataset shows that neurons with similar response properties preferentially connect, a pattern that emerges within and across brain areas and layers, and independently emerges in artificial neural networks where these ‘like-to-like’ connections prove important for task performance.

Mendelian randomization (MR) identifies causal relationships from observational data but has increased error rates when the genetic variants used as instruments come from a single region, a typical scenario when assessing molecular traits like protein or metabolite levels as risk factors. Here the authors introduce a single-region pleiotropy-robust MR method, validating the method on three ground truth sources, showing its capability to identify disease-causing molecular traits.

This work presents SCIGEN, a machine learning framework integrating geometric constraints into material generation. The framework enables the discovery of stable quantum material candidates, and the authors synthesize two predicted magnetic materials.

The study advances the use of serological surveys to guide trachoma elimination program decisions and provides a way to set thresholds for whether or not to continue an intervention program.

Fine-scale geospatial mapping of overweight and wasting (two components of the double burden of malnutrition) in 105 LMICs shows that overweight has increased from 5.2% in 2000 to 6.0% in children under 5 in 2017. Although overall wasting decreased over the same period, most countries are not on track to meet the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

A combination of multiview imaging, structured illumination, reconstruction algorithms and deep-learning predictions realizes spatial- and temporal-resolution improvements in fluorescence microscopy to produce super-resolution images from diffraction-limited input images.

Delphi-2M forecasts a person’s future health, covering more than 1,000 diseases, provides insights into co-morbidity dynamics and generates synthetic data for the training of AI models that have never seen actual data.

It is known that exercise influences many human traits, but not which tissues and genes are most important. This study connects transcriptome data collected across 15 tissues during exercise training in rats as part of the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium with human data to identify traits with similar tissue specific gene expression signatures to exercise.

Lightning Pose is an efficient pose estimation approach that requires few labeled training data owing to its semi-supervised learning strategy and ensembling.

The equivalency of stress and temperature as driving force for the relaxation in metallic glasses is widely accepted. Here, Yu et al.examine this assumption in simulations and find that stress induces a fragile-to-strong transition in addition to accelerated relaxation dynamics as temperature does.

How stresses result in cellular senescence is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that cell stress induces the assembly of a polyglutamylated microtubule array connecting nucleus and cilium, which aids in transporting a senescence-inducing protein.

Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of infectious disease and have unique molecular pathophysiology. Here the authors use host-microbe profiling to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity in solid organ transplant recipients, showing enhanced viral abundance, impaired clearance, and increased expression of innate immunity genes.

Previous research shows surprising rewards drive learning. Here, the authors show that affective error signals (emotional surprise) independently promote learning, and are associated with neural signals separable from reward error signals.

Here the authors show that TFPI2 promotes glioblastoma stem cell self-renewal and connects stemness to microglia immunosuppression, plus targeting TFPI2-mediated glioblastoma stem cell–microglia symbiosis inhibits tumor growth and synergizes with anti-PD1 therapy in glioblastoma.

Natural surfaces better their synthetic counterparts at coping with biofouling. A characterization of topography-induced delamination reveals a mechanism whereby elastic energy drives the crack propagation that facilitates surface renewal.

It is still unclear when and by which route modern humans expanded out of Africa. Here, Beyer et al. use paleoclimate reconstructions and estimates of human precipitation requirements to evaluate the survivability of spatial and temporal migration corridors to Eurasia over the last 300,000 years.

Images collected during NASA’s DART mission of the asteroid Didymos and its moon, Dimorphos, are used to explore the origin and evolution of the binary system. Authors analysis indicate that both asteroids are weak rubble piles and that Didymos’ surface should be about 40 to 130 times older than Dimorphos.

Cellular forces shaping cells and tissues during development are well understood, but their dynamic material properties less so. Here, the authors use Brillouin microscopy to map cell material properties in developing fruit fly embryos, revealing dynamic, fate-specific modulation.

An analog implementation of structured illumination using matched microlens and pinhole arrays allows up to 100-Hz 3D two-color imaging with 145-nm lateral and 350-nm axial resolution.

A method integrates perturbation mapping with 10X Visium spatial transcriptomics to map tumour genetic complexity and heterogeneity.

PIGEON is a statistical framework that uses summary statistics from genome-wide interaction studies to estimate how genes and environments jointly influence human complex traits.

The rational design of optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials relies on quantitative knowledge of their excitonic properties. Here the authors perform circularly-polarized absorption spectroscopy on monolayer \({{\rm{MoS}}}_{2},{{\rm{MoSe}}}_{2},{{\rm{MoTe}}}_{2}\) and \({{\rm{WS}}}_{2}\) in magnetic fields up to 91 T, and derive the effective exciton masses, binding energies, radii, dielectric properties, and free-particle bandgaps of these monolayer semiconductors

Analyses of the relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits across the tundra and over time show that community height increased with warming across all sites, whereas other traits lagged behind predicted rates of change.

Histone H1 binds to nucleosomes with ultrahigh affinity, implying residence times incompatible with efficient biological regulation. Now it has been shown that the disordered regions of H1 retain their large-amplitude dynamics on the nucleosome, which enables a charged disordered histone chaperone to invade the H1–nucleosome complex and vastly accelerate H1 dissociation.

Keypoint-MoSeq is an unsupervised behavior segmentation algorithm that extracts behavioral modules from keypoint tracking data acquired with diverse algorithms, as demonstrated in mice, rats and fruit flies. The extracted modules faithfully reflect human-annotated behaviors even though they are obtained in an unsupervised fashion.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

Metal carbonyl complexes show photoreactivity interesting for catalytic and biological applications. Here the authors capture the structural dynamics of the photodissociation of iron pentacarbonyl in real space and time using ultrafast X-ray scattering.

Illness signals from the gut reactivate and strengthen flavour representations in the amygdala to support learning from delayed postingestive feedback.

A study of the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in England between September 2020 and June 2021 finds that interventions capable of containing previous variants were insufficient to stop the more transmissible Alpha and Delta variants.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

Using structured illumination microscopy, Beach et al. and Hu et al. visualize the assembly of myosin II filaments in cells, describing a filament-partitioning mechanism, and long-range self-organization of filaments, respectively.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Modeling shows that antiretroviral treatment as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can be highly effective in cisgender women at preventing HIV-1 acquisition, but underscores the need to understand the barriers that limit PrEP adherence in women.

A Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat protects bloodstream form T. brucei. Applying super-resolution microscopy Budzak et al. characterize a set of nuclear bodies, which associate with the active expression site in bloodstream form T. brucei and highlight the importance of trans-splicing for transcription of VSG.

Identification of gene-by-environment interactions is crucial to understand the interplay of environmental effects on complex traits. Here, the authors present MonsterLM, a method for estimating the proportion of trait variance explained by gene-by-environment interactions in a fast, unbiased manner on biobank-scale datasets.