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Jails are high-risk settings for transmission of pathogens. Here, the authors use genomic and epidemiological data to investigate the bacterial and clinical factors affecting transmission of MRSA in jails and impacts on wider community transmission dynamics.

Here the authors show that gut metagenomes of Indigenous Australian infants living remotely, display greater diversity and abundance of bacteria, viruses and fungi, compared to non-Indigenous infants living in urban Australia, suggesting that while having access to Western foods, the infants start life with a gut microbiome that retains key features of pre-industrialized societies.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the survival of drug tolerant persister cells following chemotherapy remains elusive. Here, multi-omics analysis and experimental approaches show that the germ-cell-specific H3K4 methyltransferase PRDM9 promotes metabolic rewiring in glioblastoma stem cells.

Blood biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, including p-tau217, are linked with faster progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, supporting their potential for risk stratification at the stage of mild cognitive impairment in the community.

A case–control study investigating the causes of recent cases of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in 32 children identifies an association between adeno-associated virus infection and host genetics in disease susceptibility.

The extent of the hierarchical relationship between premotor and primary motor cortices has been contested. Here, the authors show that hierarchical interactions between analogous brain regions and forelimb musculature vary substantially between two motor behaviors in mice.

Engineering of local Anopheles gambiae under containment enables the generation of a transgenic strain equipped with non-autonomous gene drive capabilities that robustly inhibits genetically diverse Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained from naturally infected children.

Here, combining structural, proteomics and biochemical analyses, the authors elucidate how the keystone gut bacterium Ruminococcus bromii assembles a specialized enzyme complex, the amylosome, to efficiently break down resistant starch, a cardinal dietary fiber that influences gut microbiome function and health.

Cells rely on diversification and redundancy of protein chaperones to maintain proteostasis. Here, the authors show that two C. elegans orthologs of a chaperone have distinct roles in stress resistance, aging, and autophagy through an ER-phagy receptor-dependent pathway.

Aging-related Meibomian gland shrinkage is associated with dry eye disease. Here, the authors identify Meibomian gland stem cell populations and identify regulatory pathways altered in aging, suggesting new therapeutic targets for Meibomian gland dysfunction.

This study explores the genetic structure of hepatitis C virus outbreaks in rural U.S communities affected by the opioid crisis. Analysis of intra-host viral populations from 692 participants reveals hidden transmission networks.

There is a need for an easy-to-use clinical tool, that could predict favorable early PSA response and subsequently enhance early risk stratification, as well as guide treatment planning. Here, the authors show that based on patient data from four phase III randomized trials, Nadir androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (APRI)- Derived Integrative Response (NADIR) model predicts favorable early PSA response to ≤0.2 ng/mL by 6 months in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) patients initiating treatment with an APRI.

This study found E. coli phylogenetic background shapes TEM-1 beta-lactamase expression and co-amoxiclav resistance. Phylogeny alone shifted isolates from susceptible to resistant, stressing a need for lineage-sensitive genotype-phenotype prediction.

UCHL5 is a deubiquitinating enzyme that cleaves Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains. Here, the authors discover through in-vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screens that Uchl5 is involved in immune evasion and modulation of extracellular matrix deposition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Despite recent advances in targeting RAS, resistance to anti-RAS therapies limits their effectiveness in KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Here, the authors show that RAS inhibitors impair wild-type KRAS degradation, leading to its accumulation and resistance through mTOR, and demonstrate that targeting mTOR or amino acid transport can overcome this resistance.

The placenta is a crucial organ required for human pregnancy which has a unique epigenetic and gene expression landscape. Here, the authors have applied nanopore whole genome sequencing technology to provide a comprehensive map of the placental methylome focused on allele-specific effects.

In this phase 1 trial, treatment of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma with a therapeutic peptide vaccine targeting the fusion kinase DNAJB1–PRKACA, which is the driver of the disease, together with nivolumab and ipilimumab, was safe and led to encouraging preliminary clinical responses, and translational analysis showed activation of immune responses.

Geminin regulates DNA replication by binding CDT1 and preventing MCM helicase loading. Using a reconstituted system and structural modelling, the authors find geminin inhibits via steric clash with MCM, not by blocking the CDT1–MCM interface. Combined with CDK activity, it fully halts licensing.

Human challenge studies with SARS-CoV-2 have shown changes in the innate and adaptive immune response. Here the authors are examining potential correlates of infection in virus challenged recipients by assessing baseline immune parameters and how this predicts virus control.

This research quantifies hospital admissions in Shanghai for mental and behavioral disorders linked to humid heat, projecting a 68.2% increase by the 2090s under high greenhouse gas emissions and emphasizing the importance of mitigation strategies to reduce future morbidity burdens.

Evolutionary and ecological insights into marine SAR11 bacteria require whole genome data. Here, the authors expand the number of complete SAR11 isolate genomes by 81 new strains from the tropical Pacific Ocean, combining their sequence analysis with metagenomics to further resolve SAR11 evolution.

Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of viral variants that show reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

The origin and dispersal of Homo erectus, a long-lived and geographically widespread human ancestor, are unclear despite a rich fossil record. Here, the authors reconstruct the face from a Homo erectus cranium from Gona, Ethiopia, dated to 1.5-1.6 million years ago, providing insights into the evolutionary transition from early Homo to H. erectus.

Multiscale and multiway brain network interactions during the first six months of life reveal rapid developmental changes. High-order triadic interactions provide insights beyond pairwise functional network connectivity by capturing nonlinear dynamics and yielding more reliable biomarkers of developmental trajectories.

Grosjean et al. present a network-aware, self-supervised learning approach for screening neuronal activity dynamics. They demonstrate its applicability across a range of neural interventions.

Flat bands are interesting as their high density of states and suppressed kinetic energy result in strongly enhanced electronic correlations, leading to emergent and unconventional ordered states. Here, the authors use photoelectron momentum microscopy to map an isolated flat band in NbOCl₂ across the entire Brillouin zone, revealing its tunable quasiparticle band gap and offering a platform for flat-band physics exploration.

The GroEL/ES chaperonin can act during protein synthesis to promote folding. Here, Roeselová et al. show how GroEL captures, remodels and sequesters nascent proteins in its central chamber, while they remain tethered to the ribosome.

In the C. elegans germline, distal niche cells provide a Notch signal to promote stem cell proliferation. Martel et al. show here that distal basement membrane type IV collagen contents positively influence the transmission of this niche signal.

Modern pyrite burial in seafloor sediments exceeds pyrite oxidation on land, indicating that the sulfur cycle is out of balance, and acts to increase atmospheric oxygen levels, according to a diagenetic model validated by sediment cores.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Sera from vaccinated individuals and some monoclonal antibodies show a modest reduction in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2; but the E484K substitution leads to a considerable loss of neutralizing activity.

Simulated heatwaves shifted carbon fluxes in estuarine flats, with stronger effects after longer heatwave durations. Findings reveal that degradation state will influence heatwave effects on carbon dynamics including changes in source/sink status.

Different functional variants in ADH1B (and elsewhere) in Europeans and Africans strongly affect risk for alcohol dependence. Dependence only partly genetically correlates with consumption, with strong correlations to other psychiatric disorders.

The evolution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains poorly understood. Here, the authors employ multi-omics and multi-scale analyses to explore the genetic evolution of keratinocytes to cSCC, finding key pathogenic mutations that break the resistance to ultraviolet radiation as well as spatial heterogeneity patterns.

The authors describe the isolation and characterization of broadly cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against diverse H5Nx viruses from individuals who received a monovalent H5N1 vaccine 15 years ago. They identify five mAbs that potently neutralized the majority of H5 clades and protected against lethal 2.3.4.4b H5N1 infection in mice.

Human astroviruses are a leading cause of diarrhea worldwide. Lentz et al. report the structure of the astrovirus capsid spike bound to the human neonatal Fc receptor, revealing detailed insights into how astroviruses infect human cells.

Creating multimaterial objects through vat photopolymerization is challenging due to difficulty transitioning between liquid resins and processing incompatibility between material classes. Here the authors develop infusion multimaterial actinic spatial control additive manufacturing, which uses dual wavelength light projection to create distinct material regions that can be selectively infused with a variety of organic and metallic materials.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

Tryptophan metabolism is disrupted in aging and neurological disorders. Here, the authors show that histone deacetylase sirtuin 6 regulates tryptophan usage, and its absence results in neurotoxic products and impaired sleep that can be reversed by inhibiting the tryptophan processing enzyme TDO2.