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Isoprene emissions are commonly estimated using satellite measurements and model simulations. Here, using eddy covariance, the authors report higher emission rates over the Amazon forest than those estimated with these techniques and a relationship between terrain elevation and isoprene emissions.

Prime editing efficiency is enhanced using a mutated reverse transcriptase and addition of deoxynucleosides.

PE-tag is a genome-wide approach to map the off-target effects of in vitro and in vivo prime editing.

Prime editors use a template sequence within their pegRNA to facilitate nucleotide substitutions or local indels. Here the authors use AAVs to deliver a split-intein prime editor in vivo to correct a pathogenic mutation.

In vivo assessment of nuclease off-target activity has primarily been indirect or through ChIP-based detection of double-strand break DNA repair factors, which can be cumbersome. Here, the authors show that GUIDE-tag, enables one-step off-target genome editing analysis in mouse liver and lung.

It remains unclear how urban emissions influence the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), including in the Amazon forest. Here, the authors simulate the formation of SOAs in the Amazon using a high-resolution regional chemical transport model. They find that urban emissions of NOx from Manaus enhance the production of biogenic SOA by 60–200%.

Half of the reduced visibility due to haze formation in cities in India is attributed to local emission of gas-phase hydrochloric acid from waste-burning and industry, according to measurements of particulate matter and thermodynamic modelling.

The interactions between organic particulate matter and water vapour affect climate predictions, yet the mechanisms of these interactions remain unresolved. Here, the authors propose a phase separation mechanism that reconciles the observed hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei activity.

Integration of genome-wide association analysis of 406,504 individuals in the UK Biobank and scATAC–seq data reveals that variants in tubule epithelial regulatory elements mediate most heritable differences in human kidney function.

The physical state of atmospheric particulate matter affects its growth and reactivity, which can affect climate. Measurements of particle rebound reveal that particulate matter over the Amazon forest is usually liquid during wet and dry seasons.

How sulfur dioxide emitted through coal combustion is oxidized to sulfate particles during winter haze pollution events has been the subject of debate. Here, the authors show that rapid oxidation takes place by nitrogen dioxide and nitrous acid, producing nitrous oxide together with sulfate.

The Cancer Genome Atlas presents an integrative genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in 279 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), which are classified by human papillomavirus (HPV) status; alterations in EGFR, FGFR, PIK3CA and cyclin-dependent kinases are shown to represent candidate targets for therapeutic intervention in most HNSCCs.

Yang et al. report that ATFS-1 preferentially accumulates in dysfunctional mitochondria carrying mutated mitochondria DNA (∆mtDNA) and facilitates mtDNA replication by promoting POLG recruitment, resulting in the replicative advantage of ∆mtDNA and heteroplasmy maintenance.

This paper reports integrative molecular analyses of urothelial bladder carcinoma at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels performed as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas project; recurrent mutations were found in 32 genes, including those involved in cell-cycle regulation, chromatin regulation and kinase signalling pathways; chromatin regulatory genes were more frequently mutated in urothelial carcinoma than in any other common cancer studied so far.

Therapeutic genome engineering relies on the development of reliable, robust and versatile tools. Here the authors develop Cas9-Cas9 chimeras with high target site activity that generate predictable deletions.

A CRISPR screen combined with in vivo data identify ZNF410 as an indirect repressor of fetal hemoglobin. ZNF410 binds to and regulates CHD4 expression, which in turn silences fetal hemoglobin.

An integrative genomic analysis of several hundred endometrial carcinomas shows that a minority of tumour samples carry copy number alterations or TP53 mutations and many contain key cancer-related gene mutations, such as those involved in canonical pathways and chromatin remodelling; a reclassification of endometrial tumours into four distinct types is proposed, which may have an effect on patient treatment regimes.

Comprehensive analyses of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas by The Cancer Genome Atlas project show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including TP53 in nearly all samples; a potential therapeutic target is identified in most of the samples studied.

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network reports an integrative analysis of more than 400 samples of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on genomic, DNA methylation, RNA and proteomic characterisation; frequent mutations were identified in the PI(3)K/AKT pathway, suggesting this pathway might be a potential therapeutic target, among the findings is also a demonstration of metabolic remodelling which correlates with tumour stage and severity.

An integrated transcriptome, genome, methylome and proteome analysis of over 200 lung adenocarcinomas reveals high rates of somatic mutations, 18 statistically significantly mutated genes including RIT1 and MGA, splicing changes, and alterations in MAPK and PI(3)K pathway activity.

Disease-causing microduplications can be corrected by harnessing an endogenous double-stranded break DNA repair pathway.

The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium reports on their genome-wide characterization of somatic alterations in colorectal cancer; in addition to revealing a remarkably consistent pattern of genomic alteration, with 24 genes being significantly mutated, the study identifies new targets for therapeutic intervention and suggests an important role for MYC-directed transcriptional activation and repression.

Optimized conditions for ribonucleoprotein delivery of Cas9–sgRNA complexes enables precise and efficient gene editing to restore fetal hemoglobin expression in sickle cell disease patient-derived HSCs

This Perspective discusses how the Somatic Cell Genome Editing Consortium aims to accelerate the implementation of safe and effective genome-editing therapies in the clinic.

In this Review, the authors highlight recently identified genetic associations that confer susceptibility to both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and describe how these associations provide insight into the pathogenesis of these diseases.

A single therapeutic base edit of the BCL11A enhancer in human HSPCs can ameliorate cellular defects associated with sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia in vitro and efficiently induce fetal hemoglobin expression upon engraftment in mice in vivo.

The work of Michael Angelo and colleagues uses multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) to localize and visualize protein expression in a manner analogous to immunohistochemistry (IHC) while circumventing some of the limitations of conventional IHC with clinical samples. MIBI uses secondary ion mass spectrometry to image antibodies tagged with isotopically pure elemental metal reporters, expanding the number of targets that can be analyzed simultaneously to about 100. The approach, used here to image breast tumor tissue sections, offers over a five-log dynamic range and compatibility with standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

Redistribution of black carbon from the inorganic core to the organic coating of aged aerosols due to liquid-liquid phase separation can reduce radiative absorption by up to 34%, according to field observations and laboratory experiments.

Atmospheric pollutants recirculated by river winds reduce air quality for riverbank communities in the Amazon, according to unmanned aerial vehicle measurements and large eddy simulations.

Current clinical practice is organized according to tissue or organ of origin of tumors. Now, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has started to identify genomic and other molecular commonalities among a dozen different types of cancer. Emerging similarities and contrasts will form the basis for targeted therapies of the future and for repurposing existing therapies by molecular rather than histological similarities of the diseases.

Video capsule endoscopy has revolutionized the diagnostic work-up in the field of small bowel diseases and could be applied to screening the entire gastrointestinal tract. This Review focuses on computational methods that can be implemented in software to enhance video capsule endoscopy procedures in terms of time efficiency and diagnostic performance.