López-Izquierdo et al. test the associations between prehospital blood cortisol levels and visual analogue scale (VAS) in pain assessment of patients with acute diseases treated by emergency medical services (EMS). Findings reveal that cortisol evaluations via the EMS are comparable to VAS scores and provide insight into pain status.
- Raúl López-Izquierdo
- Elisa A. Ingelmo-Astorga
- Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
