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Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are responsible for blood cell generation and reside in the bone marrow. Here, the authors show that macrophages in the bone marrow originate from embryonic or adult haematopoietic lineages and that embryo-derived macrophages are important for the establishment of the HSC pool.

Hyperfine splitting was measured using the laser spectroscopy of accelerator-produced hydrogen-like bismuth ions. This demonstrates the feasibility of such measurements with other exotic ions with low production yields in a storage ring.

Analysis of snRNA genes in individuals with rare disorders identifies de novo and recurrent variants in RNU5B-1 and RNU5A-1, in addition to previously unreported cases with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in RNU4-2.

The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem function are usually studied within trophic levels. These authors conduct a large experiment across trophic levels to show how manipulations of plant diversity affect function in different groups. The effects are consistent across groups, but are stronger at adjacent trophic levels and in above-ground rather than below-ground groups.

Multiomic phenotyping provides molecular insights into complex physiological processes and pathologies. The study uses 18 omics platforms to analyze biofluids from 391 participants. It constructs a comprehensive molecular network based on omics integration, revealing insights into diabetes and other traits.

Artificial intelligence has become popular as a cancer classification tool, but there is distrust of such systems due to their lack of transparency. Here, the authors develop an explainable AI system which produces text- and region-based explanations alongside its classifications which was assessed using clinicians’ diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic confidence, and their trust in the system.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is caused by inactivation of the NF2 gene, which encodes merlin. NF2 patients develop peripheral neuropathies. The authors show that NF2 inactivation decreases axonal integrity in mice and NF2 patient tissue. Their data suggest that merlin activates RhoA and promotes neurofilament heavy chain phosphorylation to maintain axonal integrity.

Ruth Loos and colleagues report results of a large genome-wide association study for body mass index. They identify 18 new loci associated with this trait, some of which map near key hypothalamic regulators of energy balance.

Sinonasal tumour diagnosis can be complicated by the heterogeneity of disease and classification systems. Here, the authors use machine learning to classify sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas into 4 molecular classe with differences in differentiation state and clinical outcome.

The soluble bioactive form of the transmembrane protein fibronectin type III domain containing 4 (sFNDC4) has anti-inflammatory effects and improves insulin sensitivity. Here the authors show that liver derived sFNDC4 signals through adipose tissue GPCR GPR116 to promote insulin-mediated glucose uptake.

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is the most common pediatric B-cell lymphoma. Here, within the International Cancer Genome Consortium, the authors performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 39 sporadic BL, describing the landscape of mutations, structural variants, and mutational processes that underpin this disease how alterations on different cellular levels cooperate in deregulating key pathways and complexes.

In a clinical trial, Fathi et al. show that a booster vaccination with a vector vaccine candidate against the highly pathogenic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus is safe and strongly improves the immunity generated by primary immunization.

Swarm Learning is a decentralized machine learning approach that outperforms classifiers developed at individual sites for COVID-19 and other diseases while preserving confidentiality and privacy.

The physical distance between synaptic Ca²⁺ channels and sensors modulates short-term plasticity (STP). Here, the authors show that synaptic release factors Unc13A and Unc13B distinctly couple with Ca²⁺ channels and contribute to the neural decoding of distinct sensory information in Drosophila.

For sexually reproducing organisms, experimental models to study the evolution of primary sex-determining loci are scarce. This study shows male-determining loci on  proto-Y chromosomes of the housefly, containing the same gene, can genomically diverge into regions of various complexity.

Combining the kinase inhibitor sorafenib with allogeneic stem cell transplantation boosts immune responses against a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia, suggesting potential clinical benefit.

The V3-crown of the HIV-1 envelope protein largely elicits non-neutralizing antibodies. Here, the authors show that the V3-crown can be targeted by broadly neutralizing designed ankyrin repeat proteins recognizing two conformations one of which resembles CCR5- bound V3.

Molecular catalysts for artificial photosynthesis can break down during operation and stop working, whereas biological photosynthesis uses an enzymatic repair strategy to maintain function. Now, the degradation pathway of a hydrogen-evolving RuPt photocatalyst has been identified, enabling the development of an active repair strategy involving the use of ¹O₂ to reoxidize the deactivated bridging ligand.

Single molecule investigations are often performed in fluidic environments, but molecular diffusion and limited photon counts can compromise studies of processes with fast or slow dynamics. The authors introduce a planar optofluidic antenna which enhances the fluorescence signal from molecules, applicable to a diverse range of studies.

An online approach for the DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours across all entities and age groups has been developed to help to improve current diagnostic standards.

Using proximity labelling and single-particle tracking super-resolution microscopy, this study illuminates the initial steps of type III secretion and the path of T3SS effectors before their translocation into target cells.

Patrick Sullivan and colleagues report a multi-stage genome-wide association study for schizophrenia in a Swedish population. They identify 13 loci newly associated with schizophrenia.

Analyses of genomes from 914 children, adolescents, and young adults provide a comprehensive resource of genomic alterations across a spectrum of common childhood cancers.

Acyldepsipeptides are natural antibiotics that function by activating the ClpP protease and deregulating proteolysis. Here, Gersch et al.show that acyldepsipeptides not only increase access to the active sites but also exert conformational control, thereby allosterically stimulating ClpP catalysis.

Type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2) are important immune activators in adults, but their development and functions at the neonatal stage remain unclear. Here the authors show, using fate-mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing, that neonatal cDC2 come from multiple origins, but converge functionally as potent immune activators upon proper stimuli.

Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UCAR) is associated with various clinical outcomes such as kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Here, the authors report genome-wide meta-analysis in over 500,000 individuals and find 68 UACR loci, followed by statistical fine-mapping, gene prioritization and experimental validation in flies.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is known to regulate p53 signaling and this has mainly been linked to peripheral NPC subunits. Here the authors show that Nup155 from the NPC inner ring regulates the p53 pathway by controlling p21 translation while also being a target of p53-mediated repression.

The atmosphere has dried across most regions of Europe in recent decades, a trend that can be attributed primarily to human impacts, according to tree ring records spanning 400 years and Earth system model simulations.

TSC22D4 regulates hepatic lipoprotein production, but has so far mainly been studied in the context of cancer cachexia. Here, the authors show TSC22D4 inhibition improves insulin sensitivity in several mouse models of diabetes, which they attribute at least in part to the induction of secreted LCN13.

Malik, Guo et al. show that Ntrk2/Trkb-mediated neurotrophic signalling regulates dopamine levels by controlling glutathione–ascorbate metabolism, thus impacting striatal dopaminergic circuits and motor function

Hierarchical structural materials combine organic and inorganic components to withstand mechanical impact but the nanomechanics that govern the superior properties are not well investigated. Here, the authors observe nanoscale recovery of heavily deformed nacre that restores its mechanical strength using high-resolution electron microscopy.

The study of biomineralization processes in molluscs can help to understand the properties of the final composites. Here, Hovden et al. have studied the early stages of nacre formation using high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, giving new insight into nacre formation.

Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from 1,046,070 individuals identifies 264 associated loci, providing a resource of molecular targets for translational research of chronic kidney disease.

Similarities in cancers can be studied to interrogate their etiology. Here, the authors use genome-wide association study summary statistics from six cancer types based on 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, showing that solid tumours arising from different tissues share a degree of common germline genetic basis.

Photons are efficiently funnelled into a single molecule if they are nearly resonant with the sharp molecular transition. In this condition, the coherent nonlinear optical effect can be induced with only a few photons without high-finesse cavities.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses of waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index in more than 224,000 individuals identify 49 loci, 33 of which are new and many showing significant sexual dimorphism with a stronger effect in women; pathway analyses implicate adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution.

A genome-wide association meta-analysis study here shows novel genetic loci to be associated to body fat percentage, and describes cross-phenotype association that further demonstrate a close relationship between adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk.

The t(8;21) translocation is often found in acute myeloid leukaemia but is not sufficient for development of the disease. In this study, the authors identify frequent mutations in the transcriptional repressor, ZBTB7A, in these patients and show that the mutations reduce DNA binding activity.

Past genome-wide associate studies have identified hundreds of genetic loci that influence body size and shape when examined one trait at a time. Here, Jeff and colleagues develop an aggregate score of various body traits, and use meta-analysis to find new loci linked to body shape.

Implementation of a genomics-informed prebreeding strategy in a global winter wheat collection enhances the use of genebank accessions and uncovers the value of genetic resources for wheat improvement.

Elemental iron turns alkaline-earth metal complexes into highly active catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, imines and arenes. The proposed mechanism combines homogeneous catalysis by a soluble main group metal hydride complex with heterogeneous catalysis at the iron surface.

Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids can inhibit infection of viruses that use viral apoptotic mimicry for infection, but not viruses that use other entry mechanisms.

The mechanical properties of heterogeneous cell populations in colorectal tumors and the relevance to cancer metastasis remain not fully understood. Here, the authors suggest that the variations in malignant phenotypes between LGR5-positive cancer stem cells and LGR5-negative cells could be due to their distinct mechanical phenotypes observed in vitro, determined by the membrane to cortex attachment proteins Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin.

Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are important in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here, the authors demonstrate that extracellular presence of the amino acid arginine is required for MGC formation and metabolism, suggesting a translational impact for strategies utilizing systemic arginine depletion in MGC-mediated diseases.

T_H17 cells have important roles at mucosal surfaces in both health and disease. Gilliet and colleagues show that IL-26 is preferentially produced by human T_H17 cells and that this cytokine has both alarmin and direct antimicrobial functions.

Using three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in postmortem brains of Parkinson’s disease patients, researchers show that the major constituents are membranes rather than proteinaceous filaments.

Bone marrow-derived cells can rapidly enter the systemic circulation, but how this is achieved is unclear. Grüneboom et al. identify tiny capillaries, termed trans-cortical vessels (TCVs), that connect the bone marrow cavity to the systemic vasculature, and show that the majority of blood in long bones passes through TCVs.