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Neuromorphic computing has shown the capability of low-power real-time parallel computations, however, implementing the backpropagation algorithm entirely on a neuromorphic chip has remained challenging. The authors propose a spiking neural network implementation of the exact backpropagation algorithm fully on-chip without a computer in the loop.

Survey data from Germany show that, collectively, people acknowledge carbon inequality and favor fairer emission distributions yet individually perceive themselves to already be ahead of others—revealing a carbon perception gap.

Visual odometry, or self-motion estimation, is a fundamental task in robotics. Renner, Supic and colleagues introduce a neuromorphic algorithm for visual odometry that leverages hyperdimensional computing and hierarchical resonators. The approach estimates a robot’s motion from event-based vision, a step towards low-power machine vision for robotics.

The inference procedure for analysing a visual scene presents a computational challenge. Renner, Supic and colleagues develop a neural network model, the hierarchical resonator, to determine the generative factors of variation of objects in simple scenes. The resonator was implemented on neuromorphic hardware, using a spike-timing code for complex numbers.

Optical methods utilizing ultrashort laser pulses are commonly used to probe structure and dynamics of atoms and molecules. Here the authors report a method which uses critical points and is capable of extracting molecular structure with picometer spatial and attosecond temporal resolution.

Here, the authors perform genomic analysis of prehistoric individuals from the Italian Alps, to reveal a genetic shift from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic and genetic continuity from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Phylogenomic analysis of 7,923 angiosperm species using a standardized set of 353 nuclear genes produced an angiosperm tree of life dated with 200 fossil calibrations, providing key insights into evolutionary relationships and diversification.

Comparing 396 Northern Hemisphere woody plant species grown under identical conditions in a common garden, the authors show that eastern North American species have 11% shorter vegetation periods than their European and East Asian relatives.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

Answers to fundamental questions about the nature of non-locality shed new light onto the spacetime structure and the role of causality in quantum theory, topics that have traditionally been studied within the quantum gravity community.

Although co-occurring species may differ widely in their response traits, coordinated functional trait shifts may emerge at the community level in response to environmental factors. Here, the authors use data from 150 grassland sites to identify a coordinated slow-fast strategy response to land-use intensification across above- and belowground taxa.

The haplotype-resolved genome in Amborella trichopoda addresses outstanding questions on the structure and gene content of the recently evolved ZW sex chromosomes.

In Venus’s mesosphere, chlorine atoms have been proposed as a catalyst to oxidize carbon monoxide, remove O₂, and generate CO₂, but relevant kinetic studies of this catalytic cycle are scare and uncertain. Here, the authors report the UV-Vis spectra of chloroformyl radicals under relevant conditions, enabling future measurements of essential kinetic parameters related to the ClCO radicals.

Analysis of HbA1c and FPG levels across 117 population-based studies demonstrates regional variation in prevalence of previously undiagnosed screen-detected diabetes using one or both measures and suggests that use of elevated FPG alone could underestimate diabetes prevalence in low- and middle-income countries.

Barium tagging is a key ingredient for future detectors of neutrinoless double beta decay in low-background environments. Here, the authors demonstrate fluorescence imaging of single Ba2+ ions in high pressure Xenon gas, by comparing activity between Ba2+ chelated and unchelated samples of crown-ether chemosensors.

An even more extreme version of the ‘confinement’ effect — when electron charge motion in layered transition-metal oxides is highly anisotropic, ranging from metallic within the plane of the layers to near insulating in the perpendicular direction — is reported in a layered manganese oxide.

Immunity to one serotype of dengue virus can worsen disease following exposure to another serotype, a process called ‘antibody-dependent enhancement’. Grimes and colleagues characterize the function and structural basis of an unusual, potent and broadly neutralizing antibody that lacks such activity.

Suprathermal electrons in laser-generated plasmas are potentially useful in many plasma environments. Here the authors show the characterization of suprathermal electrons in laser-generated Cu plasma using a high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy combined with hydrodynamic and atomic modeling.

A multimodal atlas of retinal organoid development shows spatial interactions over time.

Most confirmed susceptibility variants for epithelial ovarian cancer lie in non-protein-coding sequences. Here Permuth-Wey and colleagues investigate variants in 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) and uncover a new susceptibility locus.

HNF1B is overexpressed in the clear cell subtype and epigenetically silenced in the serous subtype of ovarian cancer. Pearce and colleagues now show that genetic variants in HNF1B are differentially associated with risks of developing these two cancer subtypes, possibly through an epigenetic mechanism.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Here, Pattaro et al. conduct a meta-analysis to discover several new loci associated with variation in eGFR and find that genes associated with eGFR loci often encode proteins potentially related to kidney development.

Despite the rapid progress and interest in brain-machine interfaces that restore motor function, the performance of prosthetic fingers and limbs has yet to mimic native function. Here, the authors demonstrate that shallow-layer neural network decoders outperform and enable higher velocity finger movements than the current linear decoding standard.

Analyses of data from the UK Biobank reveal different urban living environments that are associated with affective, anxiety and emotional instability symptom groups and mediated by distinct neurological and genetic pathways in adults.

GABAergic transmission regulates the K⁺-Cl⁻ co-transporter KCC2. Here the authors demonstrate that inhibitory transmission, via GABA_A receptor and WNK signaling, regulates KCC2 expression in the membrane of hippocampal neurons.

A genome-wide association study for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) identifies 12 loci and implicates neurodevelopmental pathways and conserved regions of the genome as being involved in underlying ADHD biology.

The role of the lattice in the correlated metal-insulator transition of Ca₂RuO₄ has led to significant interest but experiments that are at the same time sensitive to crystal and electronic structure are difficult. Riccò et al. successfully combine ARPES measurements with in situ strain tuning across the Mott transition.

Endangered polar ecosystems play critical roles in the Earth’s climate system and comprise many different habitats with unique organisms. Here, the authors propose a community road map to use multi-omics data from polar organisms for conservation, ecosystem services and societal gain.