Fig. 2

Characterization of subclusters of tumor-infiltrating T cells among different treatment groups. a UMAP visualization delineates the clustering and subtypes of T cells across four groups. b Heatmap illustrates the expression patterns of signature genes associated with T cell subtypes and functions. c Bar chart shows the proportional distribution of T cell subtypes across four groups. d UMAP plot reveals the distribution and proportion of CD8⁺ Tcm and CD8⁺ Tex cells across four groups. e Box-and-whisker plot represents the flow cytometry-based proportion of IFN-γ⁺ T cells across four treatment groups. Each group consists of tumor samples from 4 mice. f Trajectory plot reveals the evolutionary paths and distinct states of CD8⁺ T cells. g Bar chart indicates the proportions of CD8⁺ T cells in each state across four groups. h Venn diagram displays the intersecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of CD8⁺ T cells from four groups, with a focus box highlighting 40 DEGs influenced by both gut microbiota and aPD1 treatment in the PW group. i Bubble chart shows significant enriched functional pathways of the 40 DEGs. j Ridge plot depicts the glycolytic levels of CD8⁺ T cells across four groups. k Violin plot compares the glycolysis levels between the PW group cells and those from the others. l Kaplan–Meier survival curves demonstrate the relationship between cellular glycolytic levels and treatment outcomes in two immunotherapy cohorts