Fig. 1

PMIF impairs germinal center formation. BALB/cJ mice were infected with 10⁶ PbAWT or PbAmif− iRBCs. On day 6, 9, and 15, splenocytes were isolated and the total number of a germinal center (CD19⁺CD38^loGL7⁺) and b (CD19⁺CD138⁻IgD⁻CD38^hi) memory B cells were determined. Results are from three separate experiments. Bars represent the mean of 12 mice ± SD. **p < 0.05 by Mann–Whitney test. c Anti-Plasmodium antibodies titers from BALB/cJ mice that were infected with PbAWT or PbAmif− iRBCs. On day 6, 9, and 15, sera of infected mice were collected, and the Plasmodium-specific IgG responses measured by ELISA. Results are from three separate experiments. Bars represent the mean of 12 mice ± SD; n.s.: p > 0.05; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 by two-way ANOVA