Fig. 7: Disentangling key drivers of Trifolium pratense seed set across rural and urban ecosystems.
From: Urban areas as hotspots for bees and pollination but not a panacea for all insects
Final path model of the direct and indirect effects of flower visitation rate, pollinator diversity, local patch and landscape factors on T. pratense pollination in combined rural and urban sites (N = 18 sites). Black arrows show positive and grey arrows show negative effects derived from SEM analysis whilst dashed arrows show hypothesized effects. Arrow thickness corresponds to the size of path coefficients. Standardized path coefficients are reported next to the bold arrows and R2 values (conditional R2c as well as marginal R2m) are reported for all response variables within boxes; GLMM and LMM: one star, P < 0.05; three stars, P < 0.001. PSV, phylogenetic species variability. Factors potentially affecting pollination have been separated vertically by the scale at which they likely operate (local-patch to landscape scale) for clarity.
