Fig. 9: Helicity accumulation for AR12203.
From: Direct evidence that twisted flux tube emergence creates solar active regions

The emergence accumulation \({H}_{{{{{{\rm{emerge}}}}}}}\) (yellow line), the braiding accumulation \({H}_{{{{{{\rm{braid}}}}}}}\) (red line), and the total helicity accumulation \(H={H}_{{{{{{\rm{emerge}}}}}}}+{H}_{{{{{{\rm{braid}}}}}}}\) (blue line) are displayed. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.