Fig. 6: Testing of Li metal cells with high-mass-loading cathodes.

a Charge/discharge profiles of the coin cells (BNQS cathode || Li metal anode (100 μm corresponding to an areal capacity of 20 mAh cm⁻²)) as a function of areal-mass-loading of the BNQS cathodes at a voltage range of 3.0–4.4 V and charge/discharge current density of 0.05 C/0.1 C. b Realization of theoretical specific capacities of cathode materials as a function of areal capacity (BNQS cathodes versus previously reported cathodes). c Specific energies of cells as a function of areal capacity (BNQS cathodes versus previously reported cathodes), in which the cell weight was estimated by considering those of cathodes, anodes, separators, and electrolytes. d Charge/discharge profiles of the single-side pouch-type cell (26 × 24 mm² in size) composed of BNQS cathode (areal capacity of 12.1 mAh cm⁻²)|| Li metal anode (areal capacity of 20 mAh cm⁻²) at charge/discharge current rate of 0.05 C/0.1 C (=0.6 mA cm⁻²/1.2 mA cm⁻²) and voltage range of 3.0–4.4 V. e Cycling performance of the pouch-type cell. The specific energy (with packaging) of the pouch-type cell was estimated by considering its entire cell weight. The cell was reassembled by replacing the cycled Li metal anode with a fresh one after 65 cycles. The cell performance was conducted at 25 °C.