Fig. 5: Sketch for the impact of the spring Middle East warming on summer rainfall over Pakistan. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Sketch for the impact of the spring Middle East warming on summer rainfall over Pakistan.

From: Middle east warming in spring enhances summer rainfall over Pakistan

Fig. 5: Sketch for the impact of the spring Middle East warming on summer rainfall over Pakistan.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Stands for the climatological situation, and b shows the processes associated with the northward-shifted LLJ under global warming. In Fig. 5a, Pakistan and northwestern India are arid to semi-arid regions. The thin white arrow denotes the weak meridional sea level pressure (SLP) gradient. In contrast, in Fig. 5b, the red color over the Middle East represents the warming in spring. The thick white arrow denotes the enhanced meridional SLP gradient. The LLJ shifts northward compared to the climatology and brings more rainfall to Pakistan and northwestern India.

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