Fig. 3: PGVs + US stimulation of the motor cortex triggered targeted neuronal activation, selective limb movement, and muscular responses.
From: Nanobubble-actuated ultrasound neuromodulation for selectively shaping behavior in mice
a Schematic illustration of PGVs/Saline/Collapsed PGVs injection (right hemisphere), followed by a 5-day recovery period, then ultrasound stimulation. b Representative forelimb movements in response to 0.40 MPa ultrasound stimulation from mice injected with saline, collapsed PGVs, or PGVs. c Visible left forelimb movements in different groups of subjects (n = 9 mice for PGVs+ group, n = 8 mice for Saline and Collapsed PGVs-injected group) were scored by percentage of movement distance in response to several acoustic intensities. (PSaline/Collapsed PGVs = 0.7508(0.17 MPa), > 0.9999(0.21 MPa), 0.8271(0.32 MPa), 0.5293(0.4 MPa), 0.8234(0.47 MPa), 0.9747(0.54 MPa); (PPGVs/Collapsed PGVs = 0.0407(0.17 MPa), 0.0152(0.21 MPa), 0.0416(0.32 MPa), 0.0008(0.4 MPa), 0.0022(0.47 MPa), 0.0041(0.54 MPa); (PPGVs/Saline = 0.0617(0.17 MPa), 0.0152(0.21 MPa), 0.0322(0.32 MPa), 0.0007(0.4 MPa), 0.0024(0.47 MPa), 0.0040(0.54 MPa)). d Latency between US onset (0.40 MPa, 0.47 MPa, 0.54 MPa) and induced movement (n = 9 mice). e Photographs of a PGVs-injected mouse under ultrasound stimulation. Red and black lines indicate the kinematics of forelimbs with or without US stimulation, respectively. Comparison of left and right forelimb movements in the same mice under 0.40 MPa ultrasound +PGVs stimulation. f Statistics of left and right forelimb movements in PGVs-injected mice (n = 9) in response to US excitation. g Schematic illustration of our setup for EMG recordings. h Representative EMG signals of muscular responses under ultrasound stimulation in mice injected with saline, collapsed PGVs, and PGVs (0.17 MPa). i Relative amplitude of EMG response treated with saline/collapsed PGVs/PGVs-mediated ultrasound at intensities (0.05, 0.09, and 0.17 MPa). n = 8 mice for the Saline and Collapsed PGVs-injected group, n = 9 mice for the PGVs+ group). j Latency between US onsets and the induced response (n = 9 mice). k c-Fos expression (red) around PGVs injection area (green) in mouse cortex stimulated with PGVs+US. l Representative c-Fos-expression (green) images of mice motor cortex treated by ultrasound in the presence of saline, collapsed PGVs, or PGVs. m Number of c-Fos positive neurons in 200 × 200 μm area per slice imaged (n = 8 mice in Saline and Collapsed PGVs-injected group, n = 9 mice for PGVs+ group). Data represent 8 independent experiments in k and l. Two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test in c and i, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test for d and j, unpaired 2-tailed t-test with Holm-Sidak correction for f, two-way ANOVA with Sidak correction for multiple comparisons for m. Data in c, d, f, i, and j are presented as mean ± SEM. Data in m are presented as mean ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
