Fig. 4: Catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation over CuZnCe catalysts.
From: A Ce-CuZn catalyst with abundant Cu/Zn-OV-Ce active sites for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol
a Schematic illustration of the thermal CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The purple, green, yellow, red, blue, black and white balls represent Zn, Ce, Cu, O, OV, C and H, respectively. b Catalytic performance under the identical reaction conditions. c Catalytic stability of Ce-CuZn catalyst. d Comparison of the Ce-CuZn sample with the reported methanol synthesis catalysts under the reaction conditions of 2–5 MPa, 1500–48,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1, and 220–330 °C (Supplementary Table 6). The reference data is cited below: Cu/SiO2-AE (Cat-1)57, Cu/ZnO@m-SiO2 (Cat-2)58, Cu/ZnO/SiO2 (Cat-3)59, CuZnGa/SiO2 (Cat-4)60, Cu/Ga2O3/ZrO2 (Cat-5)61, Cu/Zn/Al/Y (Cat-6)62, CuZnAl-C-1.25 (Cat-7)63, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-1 (Cat-8)64, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-2 (Cat-9)65, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-3 (Cat-10)62, Cu/ZnO/Al2O3-4 (Cat-11)66, Cu/CeO2 (Cat-12)52, Cu-Pd/CeO2 (Cat-13)67, CuZn@UiO-bpy (Cat-14)66, CuZn-BTC (Cat-15)68, In2O3 (Cat-16)69, and h-In2O3-R (Cat-17)70. e Apparent activation energy (Ea) determined by Arrhenius plots based on CO2 hydrogenation. Reaction conditions: b P = 2.0 MPa, T = 280 °C, GHSV = 10,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1, H2: CO2: N2 = 72: 24: 1; c GHSV = 20,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1, P = 2.8 MPa, T = 260 °C, H2: CO2: N2 = 72: 24: 1; e P = 2.0 MPa, GHSV = 20,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1 for Ce-CuZn and 10,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1 for the others, H2: CO2: N2 = 72: 24: 1. Ea is the apparent activation energy.
