Fig. 2: Characterization of the pre-treatment process of graphite. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Characterization of the pre-treatment process of graphite.

From: Ultrahigh concentration exfoliation and aqueous dispersion of few-layer graphene by excluded volume effect

Fig. 2: Characterization of the pre-treatment process of graphite.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a, b Raman mapping of graphite upon chemical oxidization. The mass ratio of KMnO4 to graphite is 1:1 in a and 3:1 in b, respectively. The scale bar is 10 μm in a. c, d Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the OG. The scale bar is 5 μm. e X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of Oxide graphite (OG), bubble-expanded graphite (BEG) and non-bubble-expanded graphite (NBEG) after different reaction time. NBEG samples were prepared by immersing OG in phosphoric acid without the presence of Na2CO3 to avoid bubbling. The marked crystallization peaks corresponding to H2SO4-intercalated graphite (*, 22.3° for 002 plane)45,46, KMnO4-oxidized graphite (♦, 12.9° and 23.1°)45,46 and unreacted graphite domains (•, 26.4° for 002 plane).

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