Fig. 7: Scalable production of concentrated graphene dispersions.

a Illustrated diagram of the workflow for the large-scale production process. The right inset shows photographs of the concentrated graphene dispersions. b ID/IG peak intensity ratio of graphene dispersions produced from different batches. Data are presented as box plots (center line at the median, upper bound at 75th percentile, lower bound at 25th percentile) with whiskers at minimum and maximum values. Each dot represents one ID/IG value. c Overall comparison of the concentration, throughput and yield of graphene produced from this work and previous studies10,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40. The values can be found in Supplementary Table 5. d Three key impact indicators and their components of producing 1 kg graphene in our route at industrial manufacture scale.