Fig. 2: The integrated stratigraphy calibrated to the astronomical time scale of the Huangshanjie Formation, Dalongkou section (Northwest China).

The lithology (a) is calibrated to the astronomical time scale (ATS). Detrended magnetic susceptibility (MS) series (b) and its Continuous Wavelet Transform (c). The Gaussian filtered 405-kyr long-eccentricity cycles (red curve: 0.0019–0.003 cycles/m) and amplitude modulation of the Taner filtered short-eccentricity cycles (orange curve: 0.0075–0.0115 cycles/kyr) of the detrended MS series are composited with it (b). d δ13Corg, e clipped δ13Corg (from −25.5‰) is calibrated to the ATS. The red curve in (e) is the Gaussian filtered 405-kyr long-eccentricity cycles in clipped δ13Corg series (0.0019–0.003 cycles/kyr). f continuous wavelet transform of the clipped δ13Corg series. Abbreviations: POE, pre-onset excursion; CIE, carbon-isotope excursion; Mud, Mudstone; Sha, Shale; Silt-mud, Silty mudstone; Argi-silt, Argillaceous siltstone; Sand, Sandstone.