Fig. 4: Formation of an energetic electron slot in the vicinity of Europa under considerations of the contributions from different physical processes.
a–c Comparisons between simulations (solid lines) and observations (dashed lines) of the electron energy spectra from 30 to 200 keV at a pitch angle of 90° for three different simulation intervals (0, 5, and 10 h). M-shell denotes the distance from the magnetic equator to Jupiter’s center, normalized by Jupiter’s radius, and Ek is electron energy. d the dashed line represents the omnidirectional electron fluxes (jomni) of electrons when considering the steady-state solution of the radial diffusion (RD) equation for 97 keV electrons, incorporating the absorption effect of Europa (EA). The solid line shows the result after including Europa absorption and wave loss (WL). The dotted line is the steady-state solution when the radial diffusion rates increase by 5 times, and the value of radial diffusion rate (DLL) refers to the electron radiation model12. The Europa absorption region spans M-shells 9.29–10.02, which is from the geometrical calculation based on the magnetic field model for Jupiter21,22. The spatial coverage of wave-induced loss falls within M-shells of 8–10, following the statistical results in Fig. 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
