Fig. 5: Taxonomy of species detected in bioprints and isolates.

a Full original FT-IR spectra for five representative reference strains: Fusobacterium nucleatum SPS_023 representing the Fusobacteriia class, Staphylococcus aureus SPS_462 from the Staphylococcaceae family from the Bacilli class, Streptococcus anginosus SPS_004, Streptococcus mutans SPS_474, both from the Streptococcaceae family from the Bacilli class, and Prevotella nigrescens SPS_022 from the Bacteroidia class. CH band and fingerprint region are marked. b Accuracy in species assignment based on vector normalized FT-IR spectra fragments reached by three different classifiers; LDA - linear discriminant analysis, ANN - artificial neural networks, RF - random forest. Data for CH band fragment (2800–3000 cm⁻¹) and fingerprint region (900–1800 cm⁻¹) is presented across datasets. 95% CI are plotted. Data represent n = 331 spectra. c Constrained LDA ordination for vector normalized FT-IR spectra fragments for fingerprint region generated for five strains. LD1 and LD2 axes are shown. Different symbols indicate training set and two independent test sets. Symbols were colored by taxonomy. d Same as c but LD3 axis is plotted instead of LD1 axis. e A circular dendrogram based on full 16S rRNA gene phylogeny was generated for oral archaea and bacteria (including allochthonous species) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Branches were colored by class. The outer ring summarized the species either only detected in bioprints (light brown) or also isolated (dark brown). The middle ring indicate the clinically relevant species, namely key periodontopathogens, cariogenic species, and allochthonous species. The inner ring indicates the unnamed species that are either poorly characterized or still-to-be isolated. Selected bacterial species that were either bioprinted as reference monocultures (*) or were isolated with bioprinting (**) or both (***) are labeled.). For additional details for (a–e), refer to the Source Data.